Cloud-based recovery of backed up data using auxiliary copy replication and on-demand failover resources

ABSTRACT

A data storage management system comprises features for initiating failover orchestration jobs that invoke recovery resources on demand in a cloud computing environment. Backed up data that is stored persistently in the cloud computing environment may be rapidly restored within the cloud computing environment for use in disaster recovery and/or in test and verification scenarios. This approach may be contrasted to systems where a failover system is “always on” at the failover destination, such as having failover resources always up and running in the cloud computing environment. Such resources typically include a failover virtual machine (VM), a virtual machine datastore for the restored data, and one or more computing resources for restoring an auxiliary copy to the VM’s datastore. The cloud-based failover resources are deactivated or taken down once the failover event ends.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. App. 17/494,702 filed onOct. 05, 2021, which incorporated by reference herein. Any and allapplications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim isidentified in the Application Data Sheet of the present application arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties under 37 CFR 1.57.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentand/or the patent disclosure as it appears in the United States Patentand Trademark Office patent file and/or records, but otherwise reservesall copyrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND

Businesses recognize the commercial value of their data and seekreliable, cost-effective ways to protect the information stored on theircomputer networks while minimizing impact on productivity.

SUMMARY

An illustrative data storage management system comprises features forconducting failover orchestration jobs that invoke recovery resources ondemand in a cloud computing environment, so that backed up data storedpersistently in the cloud computing environment may be rapidly restoredwithin the cloud computing environment for use in disaster recovery,test, and/or validation scenarios. The term “failover” will be usedherein in reference to failover orchestration jobs without regard towhether the source has actually failed or whether the failoverdestination is used for disaster recovery or only for testing andvalidation of existing backed up data to ensure its integrity and readyavailability. The data storage management system includes a storagemanager computing device that has been enhanced to support, initiate,and manage failover orchestration jobs, and, after a failoverorchestration job ends, to tear down or deactivate the on-demandresources in the cloud computing environment. The data storagemanagement system makes backup copies of primary data, e.g., a fullbackup copy followed by any number of incremental backup copies (a/k/a“incremental forever”). Each backup copy is copied to persistent storageresources configured in a cloud computing environment that has beenselected to host failovers. The cloud computing environment may be acloud service account in a private cloud or in a certain availabilityzone of a public cloud such as Google Cloud Platform (GCP), MicrosoftAzure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), etc., without limitation. The privatecloud may be provided by a managed service provider that serves “tenant”customers.

The copies stored in the cloud computing environment are referred to as“auxiliary copies.” Auxiliary copies are distinguished herein frombackup copies, which are created outside the cloud computingenvironment, preferably from primary data. Auxiliary copies may beidentical to (or replicas of) the backup copies, e.g., size, format,metadata, content, etc. The backup copies may reside in a non-cloud datacenter or in another cloud computing environment distinct from the onehosting the failover, e.g., a different cloud availability zone, adifferent cloud service account, etc. The purpose of the auxiliarycopies is to provide “warm” readily available copies in a cloudcomputing environment that is designated to host the failover.

The data storage management system considers whether each auxiliary copyis available timely at the cloud computing environment. A recovery pointobjective (RPO) is typically associated with the data storage managementsystem as a whole, or with some of the data being protected by thesystem such as certain critical data. In managed service providerscenarios, the RPO is often part of a service level agreement (SLA)between tenant and managed service provider. The RPO represents amaximum targeted time period in which data might be lost from a datasource due to an information technology outage. Thus, in the context ofthe illustrative data storage management system, the RPO has aparticular time period or backup frequency that governs how often backupcopies are created from primary data. The illustrative system tracks thesuccessful storage time of each auxiliary copy at the cloud computingenvironment to determine whether the RPO is met.

The disclosed approach may be contrasted to systems where a failoversystem is “always on” at the failover destination, which requires havingfailover resources permanently up and running in the cloud computingenvironment. Failover resources typically include a failover (ordestination or target) virtual machine (“the failover VM”), storageresources for the restored data to be used by the failover VM, and oneor more computing resources for restoring an auxiliary copy to thestorage resources. Maintaining such failover resources in an active (upand running) state at a cloud computing environment can be costly, andmay be undesirable for the occasional failover use.

Accordingly, the illustrative data storage management system implementsa technological solution that reduces the need for cloud-based failoverresources, and thus minimizes the associated cost. The data storagemanagement system persists auxiliary copies in the cloud computingenvironment according to the RPO/SLA objectives and activatescloud-based failover resources only when a failover is invoked. Whenthere is no failover event, the cloud-based failover resources are notrunning in the cloud computing environment and thus do not incur costs.A failover may be invoked on demand by a user (e.g., systemadministrator, service provider, technician, engineer, end-user, etc.)and/or may be invoked based on the data storage management systemdetecting a failure. When the failover is invoked, the storage managerinitiates a failover orchestration job.

The data storage management system makes provision for gathering andmaintaining (e.g., in a management database associated with andaccessible to the storage manager) administrative information thatfacilitates the on-demand provisioning and activation of the cloud-basedfailover resources when the failover orchestration job runs. Examplesinclude gathering compute-related attributes of the machine thatgenerates the primary data (a/k/a the client computing device orcomputerized data source); using these attributes as a template forconfiguring a failover VM in the cloud; associating the primary dataand/or the data source with backup copies and auxiliary copies thereof;indexing the auxiliary copies as point-in-time copies of the primarydata to facilitate how a user may select a particular auxiliary copy torecover in the cloud computing environment; etc. For example, fordisaster recovery, it is desirable to recover the most recent auxiliarycopy. However, in a test/validation exercise, another copy that is notthe latest may be needed.

Once the failover orchestration job has been initiated, the storagemanager causes a computing resource (e.g., a VM) to be activated in thecloud computing environment, and populates this computing resource withsystem components that will restore the auxiliary copy in the cloud,such as a proper data agent suitable to the computing environment (e.g.,a virtual server data agent or virtual server agent (VSA)), and a propermedia agent. This computing resource is referred to for convenience as a“data access node” or “proxy VM,” and while executing the data agent andmedia agent, it acts as a component of the data storage managementsystem. The data access node configures a failover VM in the cloudcomputing environment using the same or similar attributes as thecompute-related attributes of the machine that generated the primarydata. Thus, the failover VM closely resembles the computerized datasource. The data access node also configures data storage resources inthe cloud and then restores the auxiliary copy selected for the failoverinto the data storage resources. The data storage resources are thenattached to the activated failover VM as the virtual machine’sdatastore. The restored data in the datastore is in a primary dataformat that is natively accessible to the failover VM and/or to a filesystem executing thereon and/or to an application executing in thefailover VM. In some embodiments, such as in database failover, adatabase-as-a-service instance is configured and activated as a failovertarget in the cloud computing environment, acting as the failover VM andusing the restored data as its datastore. Thus, the failover target hasnative access to the restored data as of the point-in-time when thecorresponding backup was taken. The restored data may be accessed, used,changed, deleted, and otherwise manipulated now in the cloud computingenvironment. In a disaster recovery, the restored data becomes the“live” production data until such time as a failback can be executedback to the original (or replacement/repaired) data source. In atest/validation scenario, the restored data is typically abandoned afterthe exercise is over.

The cloud-based failover resources are deactivated or taken down oncethe failover event ends. This means that the data access node, thefailover VM, and the datastore are all deactivated. In this, way, thecustomer pays for cloud failover resources only as needed, while havingthe assurance that the auxiliary copies are readily available in “warmstandby” within the desired cloud computing environment. The storagemanager may execute within or outside the failover cloud computingenvironment, whether in a cloud or non-cloud computing environment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an example informationmanagement system.

FIG. 1B is a detailed view of a primary storage device, a secondarystorage device, and some examples of primary data and secondary copydata.

FIG. 1C is a block diagram of an example information management systemincluding a storage manager, one or more data agents, and one or moremedia agents.

FIG. 1D is a block diagram illustrating a scalable informationmanagement system.

FIG. 1E illustrates certain secondary copy operations according to anexample storage policy.

FIGS. 1F-1H are block diagrams illustrating suitable data structuresthat may be employed by the information management system.

FIG. 2A illustrates a system and technique for synchronizing primarydata to a destination such as a failover site using secondary copy data.

FIG. 2B illustrates an information management system architectureincorporating use of a network file system (NFS) protocol forcommunicating between the primary and secondary storage subsystems.

FIG. 2C is a block diagram of an example of a highly scalable manageddata pool architecture.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of a system300 for cloud-based recovery of backed up data using auxiliary copyreplication and on-demand failover resources, according to anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of system300 during a failover orchestration job, according to an illustrativeembodiment.

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of system300 during a failover orchestration job that uses a point-in-timeauxiliary copy other than the latest auxiliary copy, according to anillustrative embodiment.

FIG. 5 depicts some salient operations of a method 500 for performingpre-failover operations according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 6 depicts some salient operations of a method 600 for performing afailover orchestration job according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 7 depicts some salient operations of a method 700 for performing anRPO analysis based on storing auxiliary copies according to anillustrative embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Detailed descriptions and examples of systems and methods according toone or more illustrative embodiments of the present invention may befound in the section entitled DATA STORAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FORCLOUD-BASED RECOVERY OF BACKED UP DATA USING AUXILIARY COPY REPLICATIONAND ON-DEMAND FAILOVER RESOURCES, as well as in the section entitledExample Embodiments, and also in FIGS. 3-7 herein. Furthermore,components and functionality for cloud-based recovery of backed up datausing auxiliary copy replication and on-demand failover resources may beconfigured and/or incorporated into information management systems suchas those described herein in FIGS. 1A-1H and 2A-2C.

Various embodiments described herein are intimately tied to, enabled by,and would not exist except for, computer technology. For example,restoring data on demand in a failover orchestration job as describedherein in reference to various embodiments cannot reasonably beperformed by humans alone, without the computer technology upon whichthey are implemented.

Information Management System Overview

With the increasing importance of protecting and leveraging data,organizations simply cannot risk losing critical data. Moreover, runawaydata growth and other modern realities make protecting and managing dataincreasingly difficult. There is therefore a need for efficient,powerful, and user-friendly solutions for protecting and managing dataand for smart and efficient management of data storage. Depending on thesize of the organization, there may be many data production sourceswhich are under the purview of tens, hundreds, or even thousands ofindividuals. In the past, individuals were sometimes responsible formanaging and protecting their own data, and a patchwork of hardware andsoftware point solutions may have been used in any given organization.These solutions were often provided by different vendors and had limitedor no interoperability. Certain embodiments described herein addressthese and other shortcomings of prior approaches by implementingscalable, unified, organization-wide information management, includingdata storage management.

FIG. 1A shows one such information management system 100 (or “system100”), which generally includes combinations of hardware and softwareconfigured to protect and manage data and metadata that are generatedand used by computing devices in system 100. System 100 may be referredto in some embodiments as a “storage management system” or a “datastorage management system.” System 100 performs information managementoperations, some of which may be referred to as “storage operations” or“data storage operations,” to protect and manage the data residing inand/or managed by system 100. The organization that employs system 100may be a corporation or other business entity, non-profit organization,educational institution, household, governmental agency, or the like.

Generally, the systems and associated components described herein may becompatible with and/or provide some or all of the functionality of thesystems and corresponding components described in one or more of thefollowing U.S. patents/publications and patent applications assigned toCommvault Systems, Inc., each of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety herein:

-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,035,880, entitled “Modular Backup and Retrieval    System Used in Conjunction With a Storage Area Network”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298, entitled “System And Method For Archiving    Objects In An Information Store”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,246,207, entitled “System and Method for Dynamically    Performing Storage Operations in a Computer Network”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,923, entitled “System And Method For Combining    Data Streams In Pipelined Storage Operations In A Storage Network”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453, entitled “Hierarchical Systems and Methods    for Providing a Unified View of Storage Information”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,395,282, entitled “Hierarchical Backup and Retrieval    System”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,529,782, entitled “System and Methods for Performing    a Snapshot and for Restoring Data”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262, entitled “System and Methods for Monitoring    Application Data in a Data Replication System”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,734,669, entitled “Managing Copies Of Data”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 7,747,579, entitled “Metabase for Facilitating Data    Classification”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,156,086, entitled “Systems And Methods For Stored    Data Verification”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995, entitled “Method and System for Offline    Indexing of Content and Classifying Stored Data”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,230,195, entitled “System And Method For Performing    Auxiliary Storage Operations”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681, entitled “Data Object Store and Server for    a Cloud Storage Environment, Including Data Deduplication and Data    Management Across Multiple Cloud Storage Sites”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,307,177, entitled “Systems And Methods For    Management Of Virtualization Data”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652, entitled “Content-Aligned, Block-Based    Deduplication”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,578,120, entitled “Block-Level Single Instancing”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 8,954,446, entitled “Client-Side Repository in a    Networked Deduplicated Storage System”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900, entitled “Distributed Deduplicated Storage    System”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 9,098,495, entitled “Application-Aware and Remote    Single Instance Data Management”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,687, entitled “Systems and Methods for Retaining    and Using Data Block Signatures in Data Protection Operations”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 9,444,811, entitled “Using An Enhanced Data Agent To    Restore Backed Up Data Across Autonomous Storage Management    Systems”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 9,633,033 entitled “High Availability Distributed    Deduplicated Storage System”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 10,228,962 entitled “Live Synchronization and    Management of Virtual Machines across Computing and Virtualization    Platforms and Using Live Synchronization to Support Disaster    Recovery”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 10,255,143 entitled “Deduplication Replication In A    Distributed Deduplication Data Storage System”-   U.S. Pat. No. 10,592,145, entitled “Machine Learning-Based Data    Object Storage”;-   U.S. Pat. No. 10,684,924 entitled “Data Restoration Operations Based    on Network Path Information”;-   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0224846, entitled “System and Method to    Support Single Instance Storage Operations” now abandoned;-   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2016/0350391 entitled “Replication Using    Deduplicated Secondary Copy Data” now abandoned;-   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2017/0235647 entitled “Data Protection Operations    Based on Network Path Information” now abandoned; and-   U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0108341 entitled “Ransomware Detection And    Data Pruning Management”.

System 100 includes computing devices and computing technologies. Forinstance, system 100 can include one or more client computing devices102 and secondary storage computing devices 106, as well as storagemanager 140 or a host computing device for it. Computing devices caninclude, without limitation, one or more: workstations, personalcomputers, desktop computers, or other types of generally fixedcomputing systems such as mainframe computers, servers, andminicomputers. Other computing devices can include mobile or portablecomputing devices, such as one or more laptops, tablet computers,personal data assistants, mobile phones (such as smartphones), and othermobile or portable computing devices such as embedded computers, set topboxes, vehicle-mounted devices, wearable computers, etc. Servers caninclude mail servers, file servers, database servers, virtual machineservers, and web servers. Any given computing device comprises one ormore processors (e.g., CPU and/or single-core or multi-core processors),as well as corresponding non-transitory computer memory (e.g.,random-access memory (RAM)) for storing computer programs which are tobe executed by the one or more processors. Other computer memory formass storage of data may be packaged/configured with the computingdevice (e.g., an internal hard disk) and/or may be external andaccessible by the computing device (e.g., network-attached storage, astorage array, etc.). In some cases, a computing device includes cloudcomputing resources, which may be implemented as virtual machines. Forinstance, one or more virtual machines may be provided to theorganization by a third-party cloud service vendor.

In some embodiments, computing devices can include one or more virtualmachine(s) running on a physical host computing device (or “hostmachine”) operated by the organization. As one example, the organizationmay use one virtual machine as a database server and another virtualmachine as a mail server, both virtual machines operating on the samehost machine. A Virtual machine (“VM”) is a software implementation of acomputer that does not physically exist and is instead instantiated inan operating system of a physical computer (or host machine) to enableapplications to execute within the VM’s environment, i.e., a VM emulatesa physical computer. A VM includes an operating system and associatedvirtual resources, such as computer memory and processor(s). Ahypervisor operates between the VM and the hardware of the physical hostmachine and is generally responsible for creating and running the VMs.Hypervisors are also known in the art as virtual machine monitors or avirtual machine managers or “VMMs”, and may be implemented in software,firmware, and/or specialized hardware installed on the host machine.Examples of hypervisors include ESX Server, by VMware, Inc. of PaloAlto, California; Microsoft Virtual Server and Microsoft Windows ServerHyper-V, both by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington; Sun xVMby Oracle America Inc. of Santa Clara, California; and Xen by CitrixSystems, Santa Clara, California. The hypervisor provides resources toeach virtual operating system such as a virtual processor, virtualmemory, a virtual network device, and a virtual disk. Each virtualmachine has one or more associated virtual disks. The hypervisortypically stores the data of virtual disks in files on the file systemof the physical host machine, called virtual machine disk files (“VMDK”in VMware lingo) or virtual hard disk image files (in Microsoft lingo).For example, VMware’s ESX Server provides the Virtual Machine FileSystem (VMFS) for the storage of virtual machine disk files. A virtualmachine reads data from and writes data to its virtual disk much the waythat a physical machine reads data from and writes data to a physicaldisk. Examples of techniques for implementing information management ina cloud computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,681.Examples of techniques for implementing information management in avirtualized computing environment are described in U.S. Pat. No.8,307,177.

Information management system 100 can also include electronic datastorage devices, generally used for mass storage of data, including,e.g., primary storage devices 104 and secondary storage devices 108.Storage devices can generally be of any suitable type including, withoutlimitation, disk drives, storage arrays (e.g., storage-area network(SAN) and/or network-attached storage (NAS) technology), semiconductormemory (e.g., solid state storage devices), network attached storage(NAS) devices, tape libraries, or other magnetic, non-tape storagedevices, optical media storage devices, combinations of the same, etc.In some embodiments, storage devices form part of a distributed filesystem. In some cases, storage devices are provided in a cloud storageenvironment (e.g., a private cloud or one operated by a third-partyvendor), whether for primary data or secondary copies or both.

Depending on context, the term “information management system” can referto generally all of the illustrated hardware and software components inFIG. 1C, or the term may refer to only a subset of the illustratedcomponents. For instance, in some cases, system 100 generally refers toa combination of specialized components used to protect, move, manage,manipulate, analyze, and/or process data and metadata generated byclient computing devices 102. However, system 100 in some cases does notinclude the underlying components that generate and/or store primarydata 112, such as the client computing devices 102 themselves, and theprimary storage devices 104. Likewise secondary storage devices 108(e.g., a third-party provided cloud storage environment) may not be partof system 100. As an example, “information management system” or“storage management system” may sometimes refer to one or more of thefollowing components, which will be described in further detail below:storage manager, data agent, and media agent.

One or more client computing devices 102 may be part of system 100, eachclient computing device 102 having an operating system and at least oneapplication 110 and one or more accompanying data agents executingthereon; and associated with one or more primary storage devices 104storing primary data 112. Client computing device(s) 102 and primarystorage devices 104 may generally be referred to in some cases asprimary storage subsystem 117.

Client Computing Devices, Clients, and Subclients

Typically, a variety of sources in an organization produce data to beprotected and managed. As just one illustrative example, in a corporateenvironment such data sources can be employee workstations and companyservers such as a mail server, a web server, a database server, atransaction server, or the like. In system 100, data generation sourcesinclude one or more client computing devices 102. A computing devicethat has a data agent 142 installed and operating on it is generallyreferred to as a “client computing device” 102, and may include any typeof computing device, without limitation. A client computing device 102may be associated with one or more users and/or user accounts.

A “client” is a logical component of information management system 100,which may represent a logical grouping of one or more data agentsinstalled on a client computing device 102. Storage manager 140recognizes a client as a component of system 100, and in someembodiments, may automatically create a client component the first timea data agent 142 is installed on a client computing device 102. Becausedata generated by executable component(s) 110 is tracked by theassociated data agent 142 so that it may be properly protected in system100, a client may be said to generate data and to store the generateddata to primary storage, such as primary storage device 104. However,the terms “client” and “client computing device” as used herein do notimply that a client computing device 102 is necessarily configured inthe client/server sense relative to another computing device such as amail server, or that a client computing device 102 cannot be a server inits own right. As just a few examples, a client computing device 102 canbe and/or include mail servers, file servers, database servers, virtualmachine servers, and/or web servers.

Each client computing device 102 may have application(s) 110 executingthereon which generate and manipulate the data that is to be protectedfrom loss and managed in system 100. Applications 110 generallyfacilitate the operations of an organization, and can include, withoutlimitation, mail server applications (e.g., Microsoft Exchange Server),file system applications, mail client applications (e.g., MicrosoftExchange Client), database applications or database management systems(e.g., SQL, Oracle, SAP, Lotus Notes Database), word processingapplications (e.g., Microsoft Word), spreadsheet applications, financialapplications, presentation applications, graphics and/or videoapplications, browser applications, mobile applications, entertainmentapplications, and so on. Each application 110 may be accompanied by anapplication-specific data agent 142, though not all data agents 142 areapplication-specific or associated with only application. A file managerapplication, e.g., Microsoft Windows Explorer, may be considered anapplication 110 and may be accompanied by its own data agent 142. Clientcomputing devices 102 can have at least one operating system (e.g.,Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, iOS, IBM z/OS, Linux, other Unix-basedoperating systems, etc.) installed thereon, which may support or hostone or more file systems and other applications 110. In someembodiments, a virtual machine that executes on a host client computingdevice 102 may be considered an application 110 and may be accompaniedby a specific data agent 142 (e.g., virtual server data agent).

Client computing devices 102 and other components in system 100 can beconnected to one another via one or more electronic communicationpathways 114. For example, a first communication pathway 114 maycommunicatively couple client computing device 102 and secondary storagecomputing device 106; a second communication pathway 114 maycommunicatively couple storage manager 140 and client computing device102; and a third communication pathway 114 may communicatively couplestorage manager 140 and secondary storage computing device 106, etc.(see, e.g., FIG. 1A and FIG. 1C). A communication pathway 114 caninclude one or more networks or other connection types including one ormore of the following, without limitation: the Internet, a wide areanetwork (WAN), a local area network (LAN), a Storage Area Network (SAN),a Fibre Channel (FC) connection, a Small Computer System Interface(SCSI) connection, a virtual private network (VPN), a token ring orTCP/IP based network, an intranet network, a point-to-point link, acellular network, a wireless data transmission system, a two-way cablesystem, an interactive kiosk network, a satellite network, a broadbandnetwork, a baseband network, a neural network, a mesh network, an ad hocnetwork, other appropriate computer or telecommunications networks,combinations of the same or the like. Communication pathways 114 in somecases may also include application programming interfaces (APIs)including, e.g., cloud service provider APIs, virtual machine managementAPIs, and hosted service provider APIs. The underlying infrastructure ofcommunication pathways 114 may be wired and/or wireless, analog and/ordigital, or any combination thereof; and the facilities used may beprivate, public, third-party provided, or any combination thereof,without limitation.

A “subclient” is a logical grouping of all or part of a client’s primarydata 112. In general, a subclient may be defined according to how thesubclient data is to be protected as a unit in system 100. For example,a subclient may be associated with a certain storage policy. A givenclient may thus comprise several subclients, each subclient associatedwith a different storage policy. For example, some files may form afirst subclient that requires compression and deduplication and isassociated with a first storage policy. Other files of the client mayform a second subclient that requires a different retention schedule aswell as encryption, and may be associated with a different, secondstorage policy. As a result, though the primary data may be generated bythe same application 110 and may belong to one given client, portions ofthe data may be assigned to different subclients for distinct treatmentby system 100. More detail on subclients is given in regard to storagepolicies below.

Primary Data and Example Primary Storage Devices

Primary data 112 is generally production data or “live” data generatedby the operating system and/or applications 110 executing on clientcomputing device 102. Primary data 112 is generally stored on primarystorage device(s) 104 and is organized via a file system operating onthe client computing device 102. Thus, client computing device(s) 102and corresponding applications 110 may create, access, modify, write,delete, and otherwise use primary data 112. Primary data 112 isgenerally in the native format of the source application 110. Primarydata 112 is an initial or first stored body of data generated by thesource application 110. Primary data 112 in some cases is createdsubstantially directly from data generated by the corresponding sourceapplication 110. It can be useful in performing certain tasks toorganize primary data 112 into units of different granularities. Ingeneral, primary data 112 can include files, directories, file systemvolumes, data blocks, extents, or any other hierarchies or organizationsof data objects. As used herein, a “data object” can refer to (i) anyfile that is currently addressable by a file system or that waspreviously addressable by the file system (e.g., an archive file),and/or to (ii) a subset of such a file (e.g., a data block, an extent,etc.). Primary data 112 may include structured data (e.g., databasefiles), unstructured data (e.g., documents), and/or semi-structureddata. See, e.g., FIG. 1B.

It can also be useful in performing certain functions of system 100 toaccess and modify metadata within primary data 112. Metadata generallyincludes information about data objects and/or characteristicsassociated with the data objects. For simplicity herein, it is to beunderstood that, unless expressly stated otherwise, any reference toprimary data 112 generally also includes its associated metadata, butreferences to metadata generally do not include the primary data.Metadata can include, without limitation, one or more of the following:the data owner (e.g., the client or user that generates the data), thelast modified time (e.g., the time of the most recent modification ofthe data object), a data object name (e.g., a file name), a data objectsize (e.g., a number of bytes of data), information about the content(e.g., an indication as to the existence of a particular search term),user-supplied tags, to/from information for email (e.g., an emailsender, recipient, etc.), creation date, file type (e.g., format orapplication type), last accessed time, application type (e.g., type ofapplication that generated the data object), location/network (e.g., acurrent, past or future location of the data object and network pathwaysto/from the data object), geographic location (e.g., GPS coordinates),frequency of change (e.g., a period in which the data object ismodified), business unit (e.g., a group or department that generates,manages or is otherwise associated with the data object), aginginformation (e.g., a schedule, such as a time period, in which the dataobject is migrated to secondary or long term storage), boot sectors,partition layouts, file location within a file folder directorystructure, user permissions, owners, groups, access control lists(ACLs), system metadata (e.g., registry information), combinations ofthe same or other similar information related to the data object. Inaddition to metadata generated by or related to file systems andoperating systems, some applications 110 and/or other components ofsystem 100 maintain indices of metadata for data objects, e.g., metadataassociated with individual email messages. The use of metadata toperform classification and other functions is described in greaterdetail below.

Primary storage devices 104 storing primary data 112 may be relativelyfast and/or expensive technology (e.g., flash storage, a disk drive, ahard-disk storage array, solid state memory, etc.), typically to supporthigh-performance live production environments. Primary data 112 may behighly changeable and/or may be intended for relatively short termretention (e.g., hours, days, or weeks). According to some embodiments,client computing device 102 can access primary data 112 stored inprimary storage device 104 by making conventional file system calls viathe operating system. Each client computing device 102 is generallyassociated with and/or in communication with one or more primary storagedevices 104 storing corresponding primary data 112. A client computingdevice 102 is said to be associated with or in communication with aparticular primary storage device 104 if it is capable of one or moreof: routing and/or storing data (e.g., primary data 112) to the primarystorage device 104, coordinating the routing and/or storing of data tothe primary storage device 104, retrieving data from the primary storagedevice 104, coordinating the retrieval of data from the primary storagedevice 104, and modifying and/or deleting data in the primary storagedevice 104. Thus, a client computing device 102 may be said to accessdata stored in an associated storage device 104.

Primary storage device 104 may be dedicated or shared. In some cases,each primary storage device 104 is dedicated to an associated clientcomputing device 102, e.g., a local disk drive. In other cases, one ormore primary storage devices 104 can be shared by multiple clientcomputing devices 102, e.g., via a local network, in a cloud storageimplementation, etc. As one example, primary storage device 104 can be astorage array shared by a group of client computing devices 102, such asEMC Clariion, EMC Symmetrix, EMC Celerra, Dell EqualLogic, IBM XIV,NetApp FAS, HP EVA, and HP 3PAR.

System 100 may also include hosted services (not shown), which may behosted in some cases by an entity other than the organization thatemploys the other components of system 100. For instance, the hostedservices may be provided by online service providers. Such serviceproviders can provide social networking services, hosted email services,or hosted productivity applications or other hosted applications such assoftware-as-a-service (SaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), applicationservice providers (ASPs), cloud services, or other mechanisms fordelivering functionality via a network. As it services users, eachhosted service may generate additional data and metadata, which may bemanaged by system 100, e.g., as primary data 112. In some cases, thehosted services may be accessed using one of the applications 110. As anexample, a hosted mail service may be accessed via browser running on aclient computing device 102.

Secondary Copies and Example Secondary Storage Devices

Primary data 112 stored on primary storage devices 104 may becompromised in some cases, such as when an employee deliberately oraccidentally deletes or overwrites primary data 112. Or primary storagedevices 104 can be damaged, lost, or otherwise corrupted. For recoveryand/or regulatory compliance purposes, it is therefore useful togenerate and maintain copies of primary data 112. Accordingly, system100 includes one or more secondary storage computing devices 106 and oneor more secondary storage devices 108 configured to create and store oneor more secondary copies 116 of primary data 112 including itsassociated metadata. The secondary storage computing devices 106 and thesecondary storage devices 108 may be referred to as secondary storagesubsystem 118.

Secondary copies 116 can help in search and analysis efforts and meetother information management goals as well, such as: restoring dataand/or metadata if an original version is lost (e.g., by deletion,corruption, or disaster); allowing point-in-time recovery; complyingwith regulatory data retention and electronic discovery (e-discovery)requirements; reducing utilized storage capacity in the productionsystem and/or in secondary storage; facilitating organization and searchof data; improving user access to data files across multiple computingdevices and/or hosted services; and implementing data retention andpruning policies.

A secondary copy 116 can comprise a separate stored copy of data that isderived from one or more earlier-created stored copies (e.g., derivedfrom primary data 112 or from another secondary copy 116). Secondarycopies 116 can include point-in-time data, and may be intended forrelatively long-term retention before some or all of the data is movedto other storage or discarded. In some cases, a secondary copy 116 maybe in a different storage device than other previously stored copies;and/or may be remote from other previously stored copies. Secondarycopies 116 can be stored in the same storage device as primary data 112.For example, a disk array capable of performing hardware snapshotsstores primary data 112 and creates and stores hardware snapshots of theprimary data 112 as secondary copies 116. Secondary copies 116 may bestored in relatively slow and/or lower cost storage (e.g., magnetictape). A secondary copy 116 may be stored in a backup or archive format,or in some other format different from the native source applicationformat or other format of primary data 112.

Secondary storage computing devices 106 may index secondary copies 116(e.g., using a media agent 144), enabling users to browse and restore ata later time and further enabling the lifecycle management of theindexed data. After creation of a secondary copy 116 that representscertain primary data 112, a pointer or other location indicia (e.g., astub) may be placed in primary data 112, or be otherwise associated withprimary data 112, to indicate the current location of a particularsecondary copy 116. Since an instance of a data object or metadata inprimary data 112 may change over time as it is modified by application110 (or hosted service or the operating system), system 100 may createand manage multiple secondary copies 116 of a particular data object ormetadata, each copy representing the state of the data object in primarydata 112 at a particular point in time. Moreover, since an instance of adata object in primary data 112 may eventually be deleted from primarystorage device 104 and the file system, system 100 may continue tomanage point-in-time representations of that data object, even thoughthe instance in primary data 112 no longer exists. For virtual machines,the operating system and other applications 110 of client computingdevice(s) 102 may execute within or under the management ofvirtualization software (e.g., a VMM), and the primary storage device(s)104 may comprise a virtual disk created on a physical storage device.System 100 may create secondary copies 116 of the files or other dataobjects in a virtual disk file and/or secondary copies 116 of the entirevirtual disk file itself (e.g., of an entire .vmdk file).

Secondary copies 116 are distinguishable from corresponding primary data112. First, secondary copies 116 can be stored in a different formatfrom primary data 112 (e.g., backup, archive, or other non-nativeformat). For this or other reasons, secondary copies 116 may not bedirectly usable by applications 110 or client computing device 102(e.g., via standard system calls or otherwise) without modification,processing, or other intervention by system 100 which may be referred toas “restore” operations. Secondary copies 116 may have been processed bydata agent 142 and/or media agent 144 in the course of being created(e.g., compression, deduplication, encryption, integrity markers,indexing, formatting, application-aware metadata, etc.), and thussecondary copy 116 may represent source primary data 112 withoutnecessarily being exactly identical to the source.

Second, secondary copies 116 may be stored on a secondary storage device108 that is inaccessible to application 110 running on client computingdevice 102 and/or hosted service. Some secondary copies 116 may be“offline copies,” in that they are not readily available (e.g., notmounted to tape or disk). Offline copies can include copies of data thatsystem 100 can access without human intervention (e.g., tapes within anautomated tape library, but not yet mounted in a drive), and copies thatthe system 100 can access only with some human intervention (e.g., tapeslocated at an offsite storage site).

Using Intermediate Devices for Creating Secondary Copies - SecondaryStorage Computing Devices

Creating secondary copies can be challenging when hundreds or thousandsof client computing devices 102 continually generate large volumes ofprimary data 112 to be protected. Also, there can be significantoverhead involved in the creation of secondary copies 116. Moreover,specialized programmed intelligence and/or hardware capability isgenerally needed for accessing and interacting with secondary storagedevices 108. Client computing devices 102 may interact directly with asecondary storage device 108 to create secondary copies 116, but in viewof the factors described above, this approach can negatively impact theability of client computing device 102 to serve/service application 110and produce primary data 112. Further, any given client computing device102 may not be optimized for interaction with certain secondary storagedevices 108.

Thus, system 100 may include one or more software and/or hardwarecomponents which generally act as intermediaries between clientcomputing devices 102 (that generate primary data 112) and secondarystorage devices 108 (that store secondary copies 116). In addition tooff-loading certain responsibilities from client computing devices 102,these intermediate components provide other benefits. For instance, asdiscussed further below with respect to FIG. 1D, distributing some ofthe work involved in creating secondary copies 116 can enhancescalability and improve system performance. For instance, usingspecialized secondary storage computing devices 106 and media agents 144for interfacing with secondary storage devices 108 and/or for performingcertain data processing operations can greatly improve the speed withwhich system 100 performs information management operations and can alsoimprove the capacity of the system to handle large numbers of suchoperations, while reducing the computational load on the productionenvironment of client computing devices 102. The intermediate componentscan include one or more secondary storage computing devices 106 as shownin FIG. 1A and/or one or more media agents 144. Media agents arediscussed further below (e.g., with respect to FIGS. 1C-1E). Thesespecial-purpose components of system 100 comprise specialized programmedintelligence and/or hardware capability for writing to, reading from,instructing, communicating with, or otherwise interacting with secondarystorage devices 108.

Secondary storage computing device(s) 106 can comprise any of thecomputing devices described above, without limitation. In some cases,secondary storage computing device(s) 106 also include specializedhardware componentry and/or software intelligence (e.g., specializedinterfaces) for interacting with certain secondary storage device(s) 108with which they may be specially associated.

To create a secondary copy 116 involving the copying of data fromprimary storage subsystem 117 to secondary storage subsystem 118, clientcomputing device 102 may communicate the primary data 112 to be copied(or a processed version thereof generated by a data agent 142) to thedesignated secondary storage computing device 106, via a communicationpathway 114. Secondary storage computing device 106 in turn may furtherprocess and convey the data or a processed version thereof to secondarystorage device 108. One or more secondary copies 116 may be created fromexisting secondary copies 116, such as in the case of an auxiliary copyoperation, described further below.

Example Primary Data and an Example Secondary Copy

FIG. 1B is a detailed view of some specific examples of primary datastored on primary storage device(s) 104 and secondary copy data storedon secondary storage device(s) 108, with other components of the systemremoved for the purposes of illustration. Stored on primary storagedevice(s) 104 are primary data 112 objects including word processingdocuments 119A-B, spreadsheets 120, presentation documents 122, videofiles 124, image files 126, email mailboxes 128 (and corresponding emailmessages 129A-C), HTML/XML or other types of markup language files 130,databases 132 and corresponding tables or other data structures133A-133C. Some or all primary data 112 objects are associated withcorresponding metadata (e.g., “Meta1-11”), which may include file systemmetadata and/or application-specific metadata. Stored on the secondarystorage device(s) 108 are secondary copy 116 data objects 134A-C whichmay include copies of or may otherwise represent corresponding primarydata 112.

Secondary copy data objects 134A-C can individually represent more thanone primary data object. For example, secondary copy data object 134Arepresents three separate primary data objects 133C, 122, and 129C(represented as 133C', 122', and 129C', respectively, and accompanied bycorresponding metadata Meta11, Meta3, and Meta8, respectively).Moreover, as indicated by the prime mark ('), secondary storagecomputing devices 106 or other components in secondary storage subsystem118 may process the data received from primary storage subsystem 117 andstore a secondary copy including a transformed and/or supplementedrepresentation of a primary data object and/or metadata that isdifferent from the original format, e.g., in a compressed, encrypted,deduplicated, or other modified format. For instance, secondary storagecomputing devices 106 can generate new metadata or other informationbased on said processing, and store the newly generated informationalong with the secondary copies. Secondary copy data object 134Brepresents primary data objects 120, 133B, and 119A as 120', 133B', and119A', respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta2,Meta10, and Meta1, respectively. Also, secondary copy data object 134Crepresents primary data objects 133A, 119B, and 129A as 133A', 119B',and 129A', respectively, accompanied by corresponding metadata Meta9,Meta5, and Meta6, respectively.

Example Information Management System Architecture

System 100 can incorporate a variety of different hardware and softwarecomponents, which can in turn be organized with respect to one anotherin many different configurations, depending on the embodiment. There arecritical design choices involved in specifying the functionalresponsibilities of the components and the role of each component insystem 100. Such design choices can impact how system 100 performs andadapts to data growth and other changing circumstances. FIG. 1C shows asystem 100 designed according to these considerations and includes:storage manager 140, one or more data agents 142 executing on clientcomputing device(s) 102 and configured to process primary data 112, andone or more media agents 144 executing on one or more secondary storagecomputing devices 106 for performing tasks involving secondary storagedevices 108.

Storage Manager

Storage manager 140 is a centralized storage and/or information managerthat is configured to perform certain control functions and also tostore certain critical information about system 100 - hence storagemanager 140 is said to manage system 100. As noted, the number ofcomponents in system 100 and the amount of data under management can belarge. Managing the components and data is therefore a significant task,which can grow unpredictably as the number of components and data scaleto meet the needs of the organization. For these and other reasons,according to certain embodiments, responsibility for controlling system100, or at least a significant portion of that responsibility, isallocated to storage manager 140. Storage manager 140 can be adaptedindependently according to changing circumstances, without having toreplace or re-design the remainder of the system. Moreover, a computingdevice for hosting and/or operating as storage manager 140 can beselected to best suit the functions and networking needs of storagemanager 140. These and other advantages are described in further detailbelow and with respect to FIG. 1D.

Storage manager 140 may be a software module or other application hostedby a suitable computing device. In some embodiments, storage manager 140is itself a computing device that performs the functions describedherein. Storage manager 140 comprises or operates in conjunction withone or more associated data structures such as a dedicated database(e.g., management database 146), depending on the configuration. Thestorage manager 140 generally initiates, performs, coordinates, and/orcontrols storage and other information management operations performedby system 100, e.g., to protect and control primary data 112 andsecondary copies 116. In general, storage manager 140 is said to managesystem 100, which includes communicating with, instructing, andcontrolling in some circumstances components such as data agents 142 andmedia agents 144, etc.

As shown by the dashed arrowed lines 114 in FIG. 1C, storage manager 140may communicate with, instruct, and/or control some or all elements ofsystem 100, such as data agents 142 and media agents 144. In thismanner, storage manager 140 manages the operation of various hardwareand software components in system 100. In certain embodiments, controlinformation originates from storage manager 140 and status as well asindex reporting is transmitted to storage manager 140 by the managedcomponents, whereas payload data and metadata are generally communicatedbetween data agents 142 and media agents 144 (or otherwise betweenclient computing device(s) 102 and secondary storage computing device(s)106), e.g., at the direction of and under the management of storagemanager 140. Control information can generally include parameters andinstructions for carrying out information management operations, suchas, without limitation, instructions to perform a task associated withan operation, timing information specifying when to initiate a task,data path information specifying what components to communicate with oraccess in carrying out an operation, and the like. In other embodiments,some information management operations are controlled or initiated byother components of system 100 (e.g., by media agents 144 or data agents142), instead of or in combination with storage manager 140.

According to certain embodiments, storage manager 140 provides one ormore of the following functions:

-   communicating with data agents 142 and media agents 144, including    transmitting instructions, messages, and/or queries, as well as    receiving status reports, index information, messages, and/or    queries, and responding to same;-   initiating execution of information management operations;-   initiating restore and recovery operations;-   managing secondary storage devices 108 and inventory/capacity of the    same;-   allocating secondary storage devices 108 for secondary copy    operations;-   reporting, searching, and/or classification of data in system 100;-   monitoring completion of and status reporting related to information    management operations and jobs;-   tracking movement of data within system 100;-   tracking age information relating to secondary copies 116, secondary    storage devices 108, comparing the age information against retention    guidelines, and initiating data pruning when appropriate;-   tracking logical associations between components in system 100;-   protecting metadata associated with system 100, e.g., in management    database 146;-   implementing job management, schedule management, event management,    alert management, reporting, job history maintenance, user security    management, disaster recovery management, and/or user interfacing    for system administrators and/or end users of system 100;-   sending, searching, and/or viewing of log files; and-   implementing operations management functionality.

Storage manager 140 may maintain an associated database 146 (or “storagemanager database 146” or “management database 146”) ofmanagement-related data and information management policies 148.Database 146 is stored in computer memory accessible by storage manager140. Database 146 may include a management index 150 (or “index 150”) orother data structure(s) that may store: logical associations betweencomponents of the system; user preferences and/or profiles (e.g.,preferences regarding encryption, compression, or deduplication ofprimary data or secondary copies; preferences regarding the scheduling,type, or other aspects of secondary copy or other operations; mappingsof particular information management users or user accounts to certaincomputing devices or other components, etc.; management tasks; mediacontainerization; other useful data; and/or any combination thereof. Forexample, storage manager 140 may use index 150 to track logicalassociations between media agents 144 and secondary storage devices 108and/or movement of data to/from secondary storage devices 108. Forinstance, index 150 may store data associating a client computing device102 with a particular media agent 144 and/or secondary storage device108, as specified in an information management policy 148.

Administrators and others may configure and initiate certain informationmanagement operations on an individual basis. But while this may beacceptable for some recovery operations or other infrequent tasks, it isoften not workable for implementing on-going organization-wide dataprotection and management. Thus, system 100 may utilize informationmanagement policies 148 for specifying and executing informationmanagement operations on an automated basis. Generally, an informationmanagement policy 148 can include a stored data structure or otherinformation source that specifies parameters (e.g., criteria and rules)associated with storage management or other information managementoperations. Storage manager 140 can process an information managementpolicy 148 and/or index 150 and, based on the results, identify aninformation management operation to perform, identify the appropriatecomponents in system 100 to be involved in the operation (e.g., clientcomputing devices 102 and corresponding data agents 142, secondarystorage computing devices 106 and corresponding media agents 144, etc.),establish connections to those components and/or between thosecomponents, and/or instruct and control those components to carry outthe operation. In this manner, system 100 can translate storedinformation into coordinated activity among the various computingdevices in system 100.

Management database 146 may maintain information management policies 148and associated data, although information management policies 148 can bestored in computer memory at any appropriate location outside managementdatabase 146. For instance, an information management policy 148 such asa storage policy may be stored as metadata in a media agent database 152or in a secondary storage device 108 (e.g., as an archive copy) for usein restore or other information management operations, depending on theembodiment. Information management policies 148 are described furtherbelow. According to certain embodiments, management database 146comprises a relational database (e.g., an SQL database) for trackingmetadata, such as metadata associated with secondary copy operations(e.g., what client computing devices 102 and corresponding subclientdata were protected and where the secondary copies are stored and whichmedia agent 144 performed the storage operation(s)). This and othermetadata may additionally be stored in other locations, such as atsecondary storage computing device 106 or on the secondary storagedevice 108, allowing data recovery without the use of storage manager140 in some cases. Thus, management database 146 may comprise dataneeded to kick off secondary copy operations (e.g., storage policies,schedule policies, etc.), status and reporting information aboutcompleted jobs (e.g., status and error reports on yesterday’s backupjobs), and additional information sufficient to enable restore anddisaster recovery operations (e.g., media agent associations, locationindexing, content indexing, etc.).

Storage manager 140 may include a jobs agent 156, a user interface 158,and a management agent 154, all of which may be implemented asinterconnected software modules or application programs. These aredescribed further below.

Jobs agent 156 in some embodiments initiates, controls, and/or monitorsthe status of some or all information management operations previouslyperformed, currently being performed, or scheduled to be performed bysystem 100. A job is a logical grouping of information managementoperations such as daily storage operations scheduled for a certain setof subclients (e.g., generating incremental block-level backup copies116 at a certain time every day for database files in a certaingeographical location). Thus, jobs agent 156 may access informationmanagement policies 148 (e.g., in management database 146) to determinewhen, where, and how to initiate/controljobs in system 100.

Storage Manager User Interfaces

User interface 158 may include information processing and displaysoftware, such as a graphical user interface (GUI), an applicationprogram interface (API), and/or other interactive interface(s) throughwhich users and system processes can retrieve information about thestatus of information management operations or issue instructions tostorage manager 140 and other components. Via user interface 158, usersmay issue instructions to the components in system 100 regardingperformance of secondary copy and recovery operations. For example, auser may modify a schedule concerning the number of pending secondarycopy operations. As another example, a user may employ the GUI to viewthe status of pending secondary copy jobs or to monitor the status ofcertain components in system 100 (e.g., the amount of capacity left in astorage device). Storage manager 140 may track information that permitsit to select, designate, or otherwise identify content indices,deduplication databases, or similar databases or resources or data setswithin its information management cell (or another cell) to be searchedin response to certain queries. Such queries may be entered by the userby interacting with user interface 158.

Various embodiments of information management system 100 may beconfigured and/or designed to generate user interface data usable forrendering the various interactive user interfaces described. The userinterface data may be used by system 100 and/or by another system,device, and/or software program (for example, a browser program), torender the interactive user interfaces. The interactive user interfacesmay be displayed on, for example, electronic displays (including, forexample, touch-enabled displays), consoles, etc., whetherdirect-connected to storage manager 140 or communicatively coupledremotely, e.g., via an internet connection. The present disclosuredescribes various embodiments of interactive and dynamic userinterfaces, some of which may be generated by user interface agent 158,and which are the result of significant technological development. Theuser interfaces described herein may provide improved human-computerinteractions, allowing for significant cognitive and ergonomicefficiencies and advantages over previous systems, including reducedmental workloads, improved decision-making, and the like. User interface158 may operate in a single integrated view or console (not shown). Theconsole may support a reporting capability for generating a variety ofreports, which may be tailored to a particular aspect of informationmanagement.

User interfaces are not exclusive to storage manager 140 and in someembodiments a user may access information locally from a computingdevice component of system 100. For example, some information pertainingto installed data agents 142 and associated data streams may beavailable from client computing device 102. Likewise, some informationpertaining to media agents 144 and associated data streams may beavailable from secondary storage computing device 106.

Storage Manager Management Agent

Management agent 154 can provide storage manager 140 with the ability tocommunicate with other components within system 100 and/or with otherinformation management cells via network protocols and applicationprogramming interfaces (APIs) including, e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, REST,virtualization software APIs, cloud service provider APIs, and hostedservice provider APIs, without limitation. Management agent 154 alsoallows multiple information management cells to communicate with oneanother. For example, system 100 in some cases may be one informationmanagement cell in a network of multiple cells adjacent to one anotheror otherwise logically related, e.g., in a WAN or LAN. With thisarrangement, the cells may communicate with one another throughrespective management agents 154. Inter-cell communications andhierarchy is described in greater detail in e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,343,453.

Information Management Cell

An “information management cell” (or “storage operation cell” or “cell”)may generally include a logical and/or physical grouping of acombination of hardware and software components associated withperforming information management operations on electronic data,typically one storage manager 140 and at least one data agent 142(executing on a client computing device 102) and at least one mediaagent 144 (executing on a secondary storage computing device 106). Forinstance, the components shown in FIG. 1C may together form aninformation management cell. Thus, in some configurations, a system 100may be referred to as an information management cell or a storageoperation cell. A given cell may be identified by the identity of itsstorage manager 140, which is generally responsible for managing thecell.

Multiple cells may be organized hierarchically, so that cells mayinherit properties from hierarchically superior cells or be controlledby other cells in the hierarchy (automatically or otherwise).Alternatively, in some embodiments, cells may inherit or otherwise beassociated with information management policies, preferences,information management operational parameters, or other properties orcharacteristics according to their relative position in a hierarchy ofcells. Cells may also be organized hierarchically according to function,geography, architectural considerations, or other factors useful ordesirable in performing information management operations. For example,a first cell may represent a geographic segment of an enterprise, suchas a Chicago office, and a second cell may represent a differentgeographic segment, such as a New York City office. Other cells mayrepresent departments within a particular office, e.g., human resources,finance, engineering, etc. Where delineated by function, a first cellmay perform one or more first types of information management operations(e.g., one or more first types of secondary copies at a certainfrequency), and a second cell may perform one or more second types ofinformation management operations (e.g., one or more second types ofsecondary copies at a different frequency and under different retentionrules). In general, the hierarchical information is maintained by one ormore storage managers 140 that manage the respective cells (e.g., incorresponding management database(s) 146).

Data Agents

A variety of different applications 110 can operate on a given clientcomputing device 102, including operating systems, file systems,database applications, e-mail applications, and virtual machines, justto name a few. And, as part of the process of creating and restoringsecondary copies 116, the client computing device 102 may be tasked withprocessing and preparing the primary data 112 generated by these variousapplications 110. Moreover, the nature of the processing/preparation candiffer across application types, e.g., due to inherent structural,state, and formatting differences among applications 110 and/or theoperating system of client computing device 102. Each data agent 142 istherefore advantageously configured in some embodiments to assist in theperformance of information management operations based on the type ofdata that is being protected at a client-specific and/orapplication-specific level.

Data agent 142 is a component of information system 100 and is generallydirected by storage manager 140 to participate in creating or restoringsecondary copies 116. Data agent 142 may be a software program (e.g., inthe form of a set of executable binary files) that executes on the sameclient computing device 102 as the associated application 110 that dataagent 142 is configured to protect. Data agent 142 is generallyresponsible for managing, initiating, or otherwise assisting in theperformance of information management operations in reference to itsassociated application(s) 110 and corresponding primary data 112 whichis generated/accessed by the particular application(s) 110. Forinstance, data agent 142 may take part in copying, archiving, migrating,and/or replicating of certain primary data 112 stored in the primarystorage device(s) 104. Data agent 142 may receive control informationfrom storage manager 140, such as commands to transfer copies of dataobjects and/or metadata to one or more media agents 144. Data agent 142also may compress, deduplicate, and encrypt certain primary data 112, aswell as capture application-related metadata before transmitting theprocessed data to media agent 144. Data agent 142 also may receiveinstructions from storage manager 140 to restore (or assist inrestoring) a secondary copy 116 from secondary storage device 108 toprimary storage 104, such that the restored data may be properlyaccessed by application 110 in a suitable format as though it wereprimary data 112.

Each data agent 142 may be specialized for a particular application 110.For instance, different individual data agents 142 may be designed tohandle Microsoft Exchange data, Lotus Notes data, Microsoft Windows filesystem data, Microsoft Active Directory Objects data, SQL Server data,SharePoint data, Oracle database data, SAP database data, virtualmachines and/or associated data, and other types of data. A file systemdata agent, for example, may handle data files and/or other file systeminformation. If a client computing device 102 has two or more types ofdata 112, a specialized data agent 142 may be used for each data type.For example, to backup, migrate, and/or restore all of the data on aMicrosoft Exchange server, the client computing device 102 may use: (1)a Microsoft Exchange Mailbox data agent 142 to back up the Exchangemailboxes; (2) a Microsoft Exchange Database data agent 142 to back upthe Exchange databases; (3) a Microsoft Exchange Public Folder dataagent 142 to back up the Exchange Public Folders; and (4) a MicrosoftWindows File System data agent 142 to back up the file system of clientcomputing device 102. In this example, these specialized data agents 142are treated as four separate data agents 142 even though they operate onthe same client computing device 102. Other examples may include archivemanagement data agents such as a migration archiver or a compliancearchiver, Quick Recovery® agents, and continuous data replicationagents. Application-specific data agents 142 can provide improvedperformance as compared to generic agents. For instance, becauseapplication-specific data agents 142 may only handle data for a singlesoftware application, the design, operation, and performance of the dataagent 142 can be streamlined. The data agent 142 may therefore executefaster and consume less persistent storage and/or operating memory thandata agents designed to generically accommodate multiple differentsoftware applications 110.

Each data agent 142 may be configured to access data and/or metadatastored in the primary storage device(s) 104 associated with data agent142 and its host client computing device 102, and process the dataappropriately. For example, during a secondary copy operation, dataagent 142 may arrange or assemble the data and metadata into one or morefiles having a certain format (e.g., a particular backup or archiveformat) before transferring the file(s) to a media agent 144 or othercomponent. The file(s) may include a list of files or other metadata. Insome embodiments, a data agent 142 may be distributed between clientcomputing device 102 and storage manager 140 (and any other intermediatecomponents) or may be deployed from a remote location or its functionsapproximated by a remote process that performs some or all of thefunctions of data agent 142. In addition, a data agent 142 may performsome functions provided by media agent 144. Other embodiments may employone or more generic data agents 142 that can handle and process datafrom two or more different applications 110, or that can handle andprocess multiple data types, instead of or in addition to usingspecialized data agents 142. For example, one generic data agent 142 maybe used to back up, migrate and restore Microsoft Exchange Mailbox dataand Microsoft Exchange Database data, while another generic data agentmay handle Microsoft Exchange Public Folder data and Microsoft WindowsFile System data.

Media Agents

As noted, off-loading certain responsibilities from client computingdevices 102 to intermediate components such as secondary storagecomputing device(s) 106 and corresponding media agent(s) 144 can providea number of benefits including improved performance of client computingdevice 102, faster and more reliable information management operations,and enhanced scalability. In one example which will be discussed furtherbelow, media agent 144 can act as a local cache of recently-copied dataand/or metadata stored to secondary storage device(s) 108, thusimproving restore capabilities and performance for the cached data.

Media agent 144 is a component of system 100 and is generally directedby storage manager 140 in creating and restoring secondary copies 116.Whereas storage manager 140 generally manages system 100 as a whole,media agent 144 provides a portal to certain secondary storage devices108, such as by having specialized features for communicating with andaccessing certain associated secondary storage device 108. Media agent144 may be a software program (e.g., in the form of a set of executablebinary files) that executes on a secondary storage computing device 106.Media agent 144 generally manages, coordinates, and facilitates thetransmission of data between a data agent 142 (executing on clientcomputing device 102) and secondary storage device(s) 108 associatedwith media agent 144. For instance, other components in the system mayinteract with media agent 144 to gain access to data stored onassociated secondary storage device(s) 108, (e.g., to browse, read,write, modify, delete, or restore data). Moreover, media agents 144 cangenerate and store information relating to characteristics of the storeddata and/or metadata, or can generate and store other types ofinformation that generally provides insight into the contents of thesecondary storage devices 108 - generally referred to as indexing of thestored secondary copies 116. Each media agent 144 may operate on adedicated secondary storage computing device 106, while in otherembodiments a plurality of media agents 144 may operate on the samesecondary storage computing device 106.

A media agent 144 may be associated with a particular secondary storagedevice 108 if that media agent 144 is capable of one or more of: routingand/or storing data to the particular secondary storage device 108;coordinating the routing and/or storing of data to the particularsecondary storage device 108; retrieving data from the particularsecondary storage device 108; coordinating the retrieval of data fromthe particular secondary storage device 108; and modifying and/ordeleting data retrieved from the particular secondary storage device108. Media agent 144 in certain embodiments is physically separate fromthe associated secondary storage device 108. For instance, a media agent144 may operate on a secondary storage computing device 106 in adistinct housing, package, and/or location from the associated secondarystorage device 108. In one example, a media agent 144 operates on afirst server computer and is in communication with a secondary storagedevice(s) 108 operating in a separate rack-mounted RAID-based system.

A media agent 144 associated with a particular secondary storage device108 may instruct secondary storage device 108 to perform an informationmanagement task. For instance, a media agent 144 may instruct a tapelibrary to use a robotic arm or other retrieval means to load or eject acertain storage media, and to subsequently archive, migrate, or retrievedata to or from that media, e.g., for the purpose of restoring data to aclient computing device 102. As another example, a secondary storagedevice 108 may include an array of hard disk drives or solid statedrives organized in a RAID configuration, and media agent 144 mayforward a logical unit number (LUN) and other appropriate information tothe array, which uses the received information to execute the desiredsecondary copy operation. Media agent 144 may communicate with asecondary storage device 108 via a suitable communications link, such asa SCSI or Fibre Channel link.

Each media agent 144 may maintain an associated media agent database152. Media agent database 152 may be stored to a disk or other storagedevice (not shown) that is local to the secondary storage computingdevice 106 on which media agent 144 executes. In other cases, mediaagent database 152 is stored separately from the host secondary storagecomputing device 106. Media agent database 152 can include, among otherthings, a media agent index 153 (see, e.g., FIG. 1C). In some cases,media agent index 153 does not form a part of and is instead separatefrom media agent database 152.

Media agent index 153 (or “index 153”) may be a data structureassociated with the particular media agent 144 that includes informationabout the stored data associated with the particular media agent andwhich may be generated in the course of performing a secondary copyoperation or a restore. Index 153 provides a fast and efficientmechanism for locating/browsing secondary copies 116 or other datastored in secondary storage devices 108 without having to accesssecondary storage device 108 to retrieve the information from there. Forinstance, for each secondary copy 116, index 153 may include metadatasuch as a list of the data objects (e.g., files/subdirectories, databaseobjects, mailbox objects, etc.), a logical path to the secondary copy116 on the corresponding secondary storage device 108, locationinformation (e.g., offsets) indicating where the data objects are storedin the secondary storage device 108, when the data objects were createdor modified, etc. Thus, index 153 includes metadata associated with thesecondary copies 116 that is readily available for use from media agent144. In some embodiments, some or all of the information in index 153may instead or additionally be stored along with secondary copies 116 insecondary storage device 108. In some embodiments, a secondary storagedevice 108 can include sufficient information to enable a “bare metalrestore,” where the operating system and/or software applications of afailed client computing device 102 or another target may beautomatically restored without manually reinstalling individual softwarepackages (including operating systems).

Because index 153 may operate as a cache, it can also be referred to asan “index cache.” In such cases, information stored in index cache 153typically comprises data that reflects certain particulars aboutrelatively recent secondary copy operations. After some triggeringevent, such as after some time elapses or index cache 153 reaches aparticular size, certain portions of index cache 153 may be copied ormigrated to secondary storage device 108, e.g., on a least-recently-usedbasis. This information may be retrieved and uploaded back into indexcache 153 or otherwise restored to media agent 144 to facilitateretrieval of data from the secondary storage device(s) 108. In someembodiments, the cached information may include format orcontainerization information related to archives or other files storedon storage device(s) 108.

In some alternative embodiments media agent 144 generally acts as acoordinator or facilitator of secondary copy operations between clientcomputing devices 102 and secondary storage devices 108, but does notactually write the data to secondary storage device 108. For instance,storage manager 140 (or media agent 144) may instruct a client computingdevice 102 and secondary storage device 108 to communicate with oneanother directly. In such a case, client computing device 102 transmitsdata directly or via one or more intermediary components to secondarystorage device 108 according to the received instructions, and viceversa. Media agent 144 may still receive, process, and/or maintainmetadata related to the secondary copy operations, i.e., may continue tobuild and maintain index 153. In these embodiments, payload data canflow through media agent 144 for the purposes of populating index 153,but not for writing to secondary storage device 108. Media agent 144and/or other components such as storage manager 140 may in some casesincorporate additional functionality, such as data classification,content indexing, deduplication, encryption, compression, and the like.Further details regarding these and other functions are described below.

Distributed, Scalable Architecture

As described, certain functions of system 100 can be distributed amongstvarious physical and/or logical components. For instance, one or more ofstorage manager 140, data agents 142, and media agents 144 may operateon computing devices that are physically separate from one another. Thisarchitecture can provide a number of benefits. For instance, hardwareand software design choices for each distributed component can betargeted to suit its particular function. The secondary computingdevices 106 on which media agents 144 operate can be tailored forinteraction with associated secondary storage devices 108 and providefast index cache operation, among other specific tasks. Similarly,client computing device(s) 102 can be selected to effectively serviceapplications 110 in order to efficiently produce and store primary data112.

Moreover, in some cases, one or more of the individual components ofinformation management system 100 can be distributed to multipleseparate computing devices. As one example, for large file systems wherethe amount of data stored in management database 146 is relativelylarge, database 146 may be migrated to or may otherwise reside on aspecialized database server (e.g., an SQL server) separate from a serverthat implements the other functions of storage manager 140. Thisdistributed configuration can provide added protection because database146 can be protected with standard database utilities (e.g., SQL logshipping or database replication) independent from other functions ofstorage manager 140. Database 146 can be efficiently replicated to aremote site for use in the event of a disaster or other data loss at theprimary site. Or database 146 can be replicated to another computingdevice within the same site, such as to a higher performance machine inthe event that a storage manager host computing device can no longerservice the needs of a growing system 100.

The distributed architecture also provides scalability and efficientcomponent utilization. FIG. 1D shows an embodiment of informationmanagement system 100 including a plurality of client computing devices102 and associated data agents 142 as well as a plurality of secondarystorage computing devices 106 and associated media agents 144.Additional components can be added or subtracted based on the evolvingneeds of system 100. For instance, depending on where bottlenecks areidentified, administrators can add additional client computing devices102, secondary storage computing devices 106, and/or secondary storagedevices 108. Moreover, where multiple fungible components are available,load balancing can be implemented to dynamically address identifiedbottlenecks. As an example, storage manager 140 may dynamically selectwhich media agents 144 and/or secondary storage devices 108 to use forstorage operations based on a processing load analysis of media agents144 and/or secondary storage devices 108, respectively.

Where system 100 includes multiple media agents 144 (see, e.g., FIG.1D), a first media agent 144 may provide failover functionality for asecond failed media agent 144. In addition, media agents 144 can bedynamically selected to provide load balancing. Each client computingdevice 102 can communicate with, among other components, any of themedia agents 144, e.g., as directed by storage manager 140. And eachmedia agent 144 may communicate with, among other components, any ofsecondary storage devices 108, e.g., as directed by storage manager 140.Thus, operations can be routed to secondary storage devices 108 in adynamic and highly flexible manner, to provide load balancing, failover,etc. Further examples of scalable systems capable of dynamic storageoperations, load balancing, and failover are provided in U.S. Pat. No.7,246,207.

While distributing functionality amongst multiple computing devices canhave certain advantages, in other contexts it can be beneficial toconsolidate functionality on the same computing device. In alternativeconfigurations, certain components may reside and execute on the samecomputing device. As such, in other embodiments, one or more of thecomponents shown in FIG. 1C may be implemented on the same computingdevice. In one configuration, a storage manager 140, one or more dataagents 142, and/or one or more media agents 144 are all implemented onthe same computing device. In other embodiments, one or more data agents142 and one or more media agents 144 are implemented on the samecomputing device, while storage manager 140 is implemented on a separatecomputing device, etc. without limitation.

Example Types of Information Management Operations, Including StorageOperations

In order to protect and leverage stored data, system 100 can beconfigured to perform a variety of information management operations,which may also be referred to in some cases as storage managementoperations or storage operations. These operations can generally include(i) data movement operations, (ii) processing and data manipulationoperations, and (iii) analysis, reporting, and management operations.

Data Movement Operations, Including Secondary Copy Operations

Data movement operations are generally storage operations that involvethe copying or migration of data between different locations in system100. For example, data movement operations can include operations inwhich stored data is copied, migrated, or otherwise transferred from oneor more first storage devices to one or more second storage devices,such as from primary storage device(s) 104 to secondary storagedevice(s) 108, from secondary storage device(s) 108 to differentsecondary storage device(s) 108, from secondary storage devices 108 toprimary storage devices 104, or from primary storage device(s) 104 todifferent primary storage device(s) 104, or in some cases within thesame primary storage device 104 such as within a storage array.

Data movement operations can include by way of example, backupoperations, archive operations, information lifecycle managementoperations such as hierarchical storage management operations,replication operations (e.g., continuous data replication), snapshotoperations, deduplication or single-instancing operations, auxiliarycopy operations, disaster-recovery copy operations, and the like. Aswill be discussed, some of these operations do not necessarily createdistinct copies. Nonetheless, some or all of these operations aregenerally referred to as “secondary copy operations” for simplicitybecause they involve secondary copies. Data movement also comprisesrestoring secondary copies.

Backup Operations

A backup operation creates a copy of a version of primary data 112 at aparticular point in time (e.g., one or more files or other data units).Each subsequent backup copy 116 (which is a form of secondary copy 116)may be maintained independently of the first. A backup generallyinvolves maintaining a version of the copied primary data 112 as well asbackup copies 116. Further, a backup copy in some embodiments isgenerally stored in a form that is different from the native format,e.g., a backup format. This contrasts to the version in primary data 112which may instead be stored in a format native to the sourceapplication(s) 110. In various cases, backup copies can be stored in aformat in which the data is compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/orotherwise modified from the original native application format. Forexample, a backup copy may be stored in a compressed backup format thatfacilitates efficient long-term storage. Backup copies 116 can haverelatively long retention periods as compared to primary data 112, whichis generally highly changeable. Backup copies 116 may be stored on mediawith slower retrieval times than primary storage device 104. Some backupcopies may have shorter retention periods than some other types ofsecondary copies 116, such as archive copies (described below). Backupsmay be stored at an offsite location.

Backup operations can include full backups, differential backups,incremental backups, “synthetic full” backups, and/or creating a“reference copy.” A full backup (or “standard full backup”) in someembodiments is generally a complete image of the data to be protected.However, because full backup copies can consume a relatively largeamount of storage, it can be useful to use a full backup copy as abaseline and only store changes relative to the full backup copyafterwards.

A differential backup operation (or cumulative incremental backupoperation) tracks and stores changes that occurred since the last fullbackup. Differential backups can grow quickly in size, but can restorerelatively efficiently because a restore can be completed in some casesusing only the full backup copy and the latest differential copy.

An incremental backup operation generally tracks and stores changessince the most recent backup copy of any type, which can greatly reducestorage utilization. In some cases, however, restoring can be lengthycompared to full or differential backups because completing a restoreoperation may involve accessing a full backup in addition to multipleincremental backups.

Synthetic full backups generally consolidate data without directlybacking up data from the client computing device. A synthetic fullbackup is created from the most recent full backup (i.e., standard orsynthetic) and subsequent incremental and/or differential backups. Theresulting synthetic full backup is identical to what would have beencreated had the last backup for the subclient been a standard fullbackup. Unlike standard full, incremental, and differential backups,however, a synthetic full backup does not actually transfer data fromprimary storage to the backup media, because it operates as a backupconsolidator. A synthetic full backup extracts the index data of eachparticipating subclient. Using this index data and the previously backedup user data images, it builds new full backup images (e.g., bitmaps),one for each subclient. The new backup images consolidate the index anduser data stored in the related incremental, differential, and previousfull backups into a synthetic backup file that fully represents thesubclient (e.g., via pointers) but does not comprise all its constituentdata.

Any of the above types of backup operations can be at the volume level,file level, or block level. Volume level backup operations generallyinvolve copying of a data volume (e.g., a logical disk or partition) asa whole. In a file-level backup, information management system 100generally tracks changes to individual files and includes copies offiles in the backup copy. For block-level backups, files are broken intoconstituent blocks, and changes are tracked at the block level. Uponrestore, system 100 reassembles the blocks into files in a transparentfashion. Far less data may actually be transferred and copied tosecondary storage devices 108 during a file-level copy than avolume-level copy. Likewise, a block-level copy may transfer less datathan a file-level copy, resulting in faster execution. However,restoring a relatively higher-granularity copy can result in longerrestore times. For instance, when restoring a block-level copy, theprocess of locating and retrieving constituent blocks can sometimes takelonger than restoring file-level backups.

A reference copy may comprise copy(ies) of selected objects from backedup data, typically to help organize data by keeping contextualinformation from multiple sources together, and/or help retain specificdata for a longer period of time, such as for legal hold needs. Areference copy generally maintains data integrity, and when the data isrestored, it may be viewed in the same format as the source data. Insome embodiments, a reference copy is based on a specialized client,individual subclient and associated information management policies(e.g., storage policy, retention policy, etc.) that are administeredwithin system 100.

Archive Operations

Because backup operations generally involve maintaining a version of thecopied primary data 112 and also maintaining backup copies in secondarystorage device(s) 108, they can consume significant storage capacity. Toreduce storage consumption, an archive operation according to certainembodiments creates an archive copy 116 by both copying and removingsource data. Or, seen another way, archive operations can involve movingsome or all of the source data to the archive destination. Thus, datasatisfying criteria for removal (e.g., data of a threshold age or size)may be removed from source storage. The source data may be primary data112 or a secondary copy 116, depending on the situation. As with backupcopies, archive copies can be stored in a format in which the data iscompressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwise modified from theformat of the original application or source copy. In addition, archivecopies may be retained for relatively long periods of time (e.g., years)and, in some cases are never deleted. In certain embodiments, archivecopies may be made and kept for extended periods in order to meetcompliance regulations.

Archiving can also serve the purpose of freeing up space in primarystorage device(s) 104 and easing the demand on computational resourceson client computing device 102. Similarly, when a secondary copy 116 isarchived, the archive copy can therefore serve the purpose of freeing upspace in the source secondary storage device(s) 108. Examples of dataarchiving operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,107,298.

Snapshot Operations

Snapshot operations can provide a relatively lightweight, efficientmechanism for protecting data. From an end-user viewpoint, a snapshotmay be thought of as an “instant” image of primary data 112 at a givenpoint in time, and may include state and/or status information relativeto an application 110 that creates/manages primary data 112. In oneembodiment, a snapshot may generally capture the directory structure ofan object in primary data 112 such as a file or volume or other data setat a particular moment in time and may also preserve file attributes andcontents. A snapshot in some cases is created relatively quickly, e.g.,substantially instantly, using a minimum amount of file space, but maystill function as a conventional file system backup.

A “hardware snapshot” (or “hardware-based snapshot”) operation occurswhere a target storage device (e.g., a primary storage device 104 or asecondary storage device 108) performs the snapshot operation in aself-contained fashion, substantially independently, using hardware,firmware and/or software operating on the storage device itself. Forinstance, the storage device may perform snapshot operations generallywithout intervention or oversight from any of the other components ofthe system 100, e.g., a storage array may generate an “array-created”hardware snapshot and may also manage its storage, integrity,versioning, etc. In this manner, hardware snapshots can off-load othercomponents of system 100 from snapshot processing. An array may receivea request from another component to take a snapshot and then proceed toexecute the “hardware snapshot” operations autonomously, preferablyreporting success to the requesting component.

A “software snapshot” (or “software-based snapshot”) operation, on theother hand, occurs where a component in system 100 (e.g., clientcomputing device 102, etc.) implements a software layer that manages thesnapshot operation via interaction with the target storage device. Forinstance, the component executing the snapshot management software layermay derive a set of pointers and/or data that represents the snapshot.The snapshot management software layer may then transmit the same to thetarget storage device, along with appropriate instructions for writingthe snapshot. One example of a software snapshot product is MicrosoftVolume Snapshot Service (VSS), which is part of the Microsoft Windowsoperating system.

Some types of snapshots do not actually create another physical copy ofall the data as it existed at the particular point in time, but maysimply create pointers that map files and directories to specific memorylocations (e.g., to specific disk blocks) where the data resides as itexisted at the particular point in time. For example, a snapshot copymay include a set of pointers derived from the file system or from anapplication. In some other cases, the snapshot may be created at theblock-level, such that creation of the snapshot occurs without awarenessof the file system. Each pointer points to a respective stored datablock, so that collectively, the set of pointers reflect the storagelocation and state of the data object (e.g., file(s) or volume(s) ordata set(s)) at the point in time when the snapshot copy was created.

An initial snapshot may use only a small amount of disk space needed torecord a mapping or other data structure representing or otherwisetracking the blocks that correspond to the current state of the filesystem. Additional disk space is usually required only when files anddirectories change later on. Furthermore, when files change, typicallyonly the pointers which map to blocks are copied, not the blocksthemselves. For example for “copy-on-write” snapshots, when a blockchanges in primary storage, the block is copied to secondary storage orcached in primary storage before the block is overwritten in primarystorage, and the pointer to that block is changed to reflect the newlocation of that block. The snapshot mapping of file system data mayalso be updated to reflect the changed block(s) at that particular pointin time. In some other cases, a snapshot includes a full physical copyof all or substantially all of the data represented by the snapshot.Further examples of snapshot operations are provided in U.S. Pat. No.7,529,782. A snapshot copy in many cases can be made quickly and withoutsignificantly impacting primary computing resources because largeamounts of data need not be copied or moved. In some embodiments, asnapshot may exist as a virtual file system, parallel to the actual filesystem. Users in some cases gain read-only access to the record of filesand directories of the snapshot. By electing to restore primary data 112from a snapshot taken at a given point in time, users may also returnthe current file system to the state of the file system that existedwhen the snapshot was taken.

Replication Operations

Replication is another type of secondary copy operation. Some types ofsecondary copies 116 periodically capture images of primary data 112 atparticular points in time (e.g., backups, archives, and snapshots).However, it can also be useful for recovery purposes to protect primarydata 112 in a more continuous fashion, by replicating primary data 112substantially as changes occur. In some cases a replication copy can bea mirror copy, for instance, where changes made to primary data 112 aremirrored or substantially immediately copied to another location (e.g.,to secondary storage device(s) 108). By copying each write operation tothe replication copy, two storage systems are kept synchronized orsubstantially synchronized so that they are virtually identical atapproximately the same time. Where entire disk volumes are mirrored,however, mirroring can require significant amount of storage space andutilizes a large amount of processing resources.

According to some embodiments, secondary copy operations are performedon replicated data that represents a recoverable state, or “known goodstate” of a particular application running on the source system. Forinstance, in certain embodiments, known good replication copies may beviewed as copies of primary data 112. This feature allows the system todirectly access, copy, restore, back up, or otherwise manipulate thereplication copies as if they were the “live” primary data 112. This canreduce access time, storage utilization, and impact on sourceapplications 110, among other benefits. Based on known good stateinformation, system 100 can replicate sections of application data thatrepresent a recoverable state rather than rote copying of blocks ofdata. Examples of replication operations (e.g., continuous datareplication) are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,617,262.

Deduplication/Single-Instancing Operations

Deduplication or single-instance storage is useful to reduce the amountof non-primary data. For instance, some or all of the above-describedsecondary copy operations can involve deduplication in some fashion. Newdata is read, broken down into data portions of a selected granularity(e.g., sub-file level blocks, files, etc.), compared with correspondingportions that are already in secondary storage, and only new/changedportions are stored. Portions that already exist are represented aspointers to the already-stored data. Thus, a deduplicated secondary copy116 may comprise actual data portions copied from primary data 112 andmay further comprise pointers to already-stored data, which is generallymore storage-efficient than a full copy.

In order to streamline the comparison process, system 100 may calculateand/or store signatures (e.g., hashes or cryptographically unique IDs)corresponding to the individual source data portions and compare thesignatures to already-stored data signatures, instead of comparingentire data portions. In some cases, only a single instance of each dataportion is stored, and deduplication operations may therefore bereferred to interchangeably as “single-instancing” operations. Dependingon the implementation, however, deduplication operations can store morethan one instance of certain data portions, yet still significantlyreduce stored-data redundancy. Depending on the embodiment,deduplication portions such as data blocks can be of fixed or variablelength. Using variable length blocks can enhance deduplication byresponding to changes in the data stream, but can involve more complexprocessing. In some cases, system 100 utilizes a technique fordynamically aligning deduplication blocks based on changing content inthe data stream, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,364,652.

System 100 can deduplicate in a variety of manners at a variety oflocations. For instance, in some embodiments, system 100 implements“target-side” deduplication by deduplicating data at the media agent 144after being received from data agent 142. In some such cases, mediaagents 144 are generally configured to manage the deduplication process.For instance, one or more of the media agents 144 maintain acorresponding deduplication database that stores deduplicationinformation (e.g., data block signatures). Examples of such aconfiguration are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900. Instead of or incombination with “target-side” deduplication, “source-side” (or“client-side”) deduplication can also be performed, e.g., to reduce theamount of data to be transmitted by data agent 142 to media agent 144.Storage manager 140 may communicate with other components within system100 via network protocols and cloud service provider APIs to facilitatecloud-based deduplication/single instancing, as exemplified in U.S.Patent No. 8,954,446. Some other deduplication/single instancingtechniques are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0224846 and in U.S.Pat. 9,098,495.

Information Lifecycle Management and Hierarchical Storage Management

In some embodiments, files and other data over their lifetime move frommore expensive quick-access storage to less expensive slower-accessstorage. Operations associated with moving data through various tiers ofstorage are sometimes referred to as information lifecycle management(ILM) operations.

One type of ILM operation is a hierarchical storage management (HSM)operation, which generally automatically moves data between classes ofstorage devices, such as from high-cost to low-cost storage devices. Forinstance, an HSM operation may involve movement of data from primarystorage devices 104 to secondary storage devices 108, or between tiersof secondary storage devices 108. With each tier, the storage devicesmay be progressively cheaper, have relatively slower access/restoretimes, etc. For example, movement of data between tiers may occur asdata becomes less important over time. In some embodiments, an HSMoperation is similar to archiving in that creating an HSM copy may(though not always) involve deleting some of the source data, e.g.,according to one or more criteria related to the source data. Forexample, an HSM copy may include primary data 112 or a secondary copy116 that exceeds a given size threshold or a given age threshold. Often,and unlike some types of archive copies, HSM data that is removed oraged from the source is replaced by a logical reference pointer or stub.The reference pointer or stub can be stored in the primary storagedevice 104 or other source storage device, such as a secondary storagedevice 108 to replace the deleted source data and to point to orotherwise indicate the new location in (another) secondary storagedevice 108.

For example, files are generally moved between higher and lower coststorage depending on how often the files are accessed. When a userrequests access to HSM data that has been removed or migrated, system100 uses the stub to locate the data and can make recovery of the dataappear transparent, even though the HSM data may be stored at a locationdifferent from other source data. In this manner, the data appears tothe user (e.g., in file system browsing windows and the like) as if itstill resides in the source location (e.g., in a primary storage device104). The stub may include metadata associated with the correspondingdata, so that a file system and/or application can provide someinformation about the data object and/or a limited-functionality version(e.g., a preview) of the data object.

An HSM copy may be stored in a format other than the native applicationformat (e.g., compressed, encrypted, deduplicated, and/or otherwisemodified). In some cases, copies which involve the removal of data fromsource storage and the maintenance of stub or other logical referenceinformation on source storage may be referred to generally as “onlinearchive copies.” On the other hand, copies which involve the removal ofdata from source storage without the maintenance of stub or otherlogical reference information on source storage may be referred to as“off-line archive copies.” Examples of HSM and ILM techniques areprovided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

Auxiliary Copy Operations

An auxiliary copy is generally a copy of an existing secondary copy 116.For instance, an initial secondary copy 116 may be derived from primarydata 112 or from data residing in secondary storage subsystem 118,whereas an auxiliary copy is generated from the initial secondary copy116. Auxiliary copies provide additional standby copies of data and mayreside on different secondary storage devices 108 than the initialsecondary copies 116. Thus, auxiliary copies can be used for recoverypurposes if initial secondary copies 116 become unavailable. Exampleauxiliary copy techniques are described in further detail in U.S. Pat.No. 8,230,195.

Disaster-Recovery Copy Operations

System 100 may also make and retain disaster recovery copies, often assecondary, high-availability disk copies. System 100 may createsecondary copies and store them at disaster recovery locations usingauxiliary copy or replication operations, such as continuous datareplication technologies. Depending on the particular data protectiongoals, disaster recovery locations can be remote from the clientcomputing devices 102 and primary storage devices 104, remote from someor all of the secondary storage devices 108, or both.

Data Manipulation, Including Encryption and Compression

Data manipulation and processing may include encryption and compressionas well as integrity marking and checking, formatting for transmission,formatting for storage, etc. Data may be manipulated “client-side” bydata agent 142 as well as “target-side” by media agent 144 in the courseof creating secondary copy 116, or conversely in the course of restoringdata from secondary to primary.

Encryption Operations

System 100 in some cases is configured to process data (e.g., files orother data objects, primary data 112, secondary copies 116, etc.),according to an appropriate encryption algorithm (e.g., Blowfish,Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Triple Data Encryption Standard(3-DES), etc.) to limit access and provide data security. System 100 insome cases encrypts the data at the client level, such that clientcomputing devices 102 (e.g., data agents 142) encrypt the data prior totransferring it to other components, e.g., before sending the data tomedia agents 144 during a secondary copy operation. In such cases,client computing device 102 may maintain or have access to an encryptionkey or passphrase for decrypting the data upon restore. Encryption canalso occur when media agent 144 creates auxiliary copies or archivecopies. Encryption may be applied in creating a secondary copy 116 of apreviously unencrypted secondary copy 116, without limitation. Infurther embodiments, secondary storage devices 108 can implementbuilt-in, high performance hardware-based encryption.

Compression Operations

Similar to encryption, system 100 may also or alternatively compressdata in the course of generating a secondary copy 116. Compressionencodes information such that fewer bits are needed to represent theinformation as compared to the original representation. Compressiontechniques are well known in the art. Compression operations may applyone or more data compression algorithms. Compression may be applied increating a secondary copy 116 of a previously uncompressed secondarycopy, e.g., when making archive copies or disaster recovery copies. Theuse of compression may result in metadata that specifies the nature ofthe compression, so that data may be uncompressed on restore ifappropriate.

Data Analysis, Reporting, and Management Operations

Data analysis, reporting, and management operations can differ from datamovement operations in that they do not necessarily involve copying,migration or other transfer of data between different locations in thesystem. For instance, data analysis operations may involve processing(e.g., offline processing) or modification of already stored primarydata 112 and/or secondary copies 116. However, in some embodiments dataanalysis operations are performed in conjunction with data movementoperations. Some data analysis operations include content indexingoperations and classification operations which can be useful inleveraging data under management to enhance search and other features.

Classification Operations / Content Indexing

In some embodiments, information management system 100 analyzes andindexes characteristics, content, and metadata associated with primarydata 112 (“online content indexing”) and/or secondary copies 116(“off-line content indexing”). Content indexing can identify files orother data objects based on content (e.g., user-defined keywords orphrases, other keywords/phrases that are not defined by a user, etc.),and/or metadata (e.g., email metadata such as “to,” “from,” “cc,” “bcc,”attachment name, received time, etc.). Content indexes may be searchedand search results may be restored.

System 100 generally organizes and catalogues the results into a contentindex, which may be stored within media agent database 152, for example.The content index can also include the storage locations of or pointerreferences to indexed data in primary data 112 and/or secondary copies116. Results may also be stored elsewhere in system 100 (e.g., inprimary storage device 104 or in secondary storage device 108). Suchcontent index data provides storage manager 140 or other components withan efficient mechanism for locating primary data 112 and/or secondarycopies 116 of data objects that match particular criteria, thus greatlyincreasing the search speed capability of system 100. For instance,search criteria can be specified by a user through user interface 158 ofstorage manager 140. Moreover, when system 100 analyzes data and/ormetadata in secondary copies 116 to create an “off-line content index,”this operation has no significant impact on the performance of clientcomputing devices 102 and thus does not take a toll on the productionenvironment. Examples of content indexing techniques are provided inU.S. Pat. No. 8,170,995.

One or more components, such as a content index engine, can beconfigured to scan data and/or associated metadata for classificationpurposes to populate a database (or other data structure) ofinformation, which can be referred to as a “data classificationdatabase” or a “metabase.” Depending on the embodiment, the dataclassification database(s) can be organized in a variety of differentways, including centralization, logical sub-divisions, and/or physicalsub-divisions. For instance, one or more data classification databasesmay be associated with different subsystems or tiers within system 100.As an example, there may be a first metabase associated with primarystorage subsystem 117 and a second metabase associated with secondarystorage subsystem 118. In other cases, metabase(s) may be associatedwith individual components, e.g., client computing devices 102 and/ormedia agents 144. In some embodiments, a data classification databasemay reside as one or more data structures within management database146, may be otherwise associated with storage manager 140, and/or mayreside as a separate component. In some cases, metabase(s) may beincluded in separate database(s) and/or on separate storage device(s)from primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116, such that operationsrelated to the metabase(s) do not significantly impact performance onother components of system 100. In other cases, metabase(s) may bestored along with primary data 112 and/or secondary copies 116. Files orother data objects can be associated with identifiers (e.g., tagentries, etc.) to facilitate searches of stored data objects. Among anumber of other benefits, the metabase can also allow efficient,automatic identification of files or other data objects to associatewith secondary copy or other information management operations. Forinstance, a metabase can dramatically improve the speed with whichsystem 100 can search through and identify data as compared to otherapproaches that involve scanning an entire file system. Examples ofmetabases and data classification operations are provided in U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,734,669 and 7,747,579.

Management and Reporting Operations

Certain embodiments leverage the integrated ubiquitous nature of system100 to provide useful system-wide management and reporting. Operationsmanagement can generally include monitoring and managing the health andperformance of system 100 by, without limitation, performing errortracking, generating granular storage/performance metrics (e.g., jobsuccess/failure information, deduplication efficiency, etc.), generatingstorage modeling and costing information, and the like. As an example,storage manager 140 or another component in system 100 may analyzetraffic patterns and suggest and/or automatically route data to minimizecongestion. In some embodiments, the system can generate predictionsrelating to storage operations or storage operation information. Suchpredictions, which may be based on a trending analysis, may predictvarious network operations or resource usage, such as network trafficlevels, storage media use, use of bandwidth of communication links, useof media agent components, etc. Further examples of traffic analysis,trend analysis, prediction generation, and the like are described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

In some configurations having a hierarchy of storage operation cells, amaster storage manager 140 may track the status of subordinate cells,such as the status of jobs, system components, system resources, andother items, by communicating with storage managers 140 (or othercomponents) in the respective storage operation cells. Moreover, themaster storage manager 140 may also track status by receiving periodicstatus updates from the storage managers 140 (or other components) inthe respective cells regarding jobs, system components, systemresources, and other items. In some embodiments, a master storagemanager 140 may store status information and other information regardingits associated storage operation cells and other system information inits management database 146 and/or index 150 (or in another location).The master storage manager 140 or other component may also determinewhether certain storage-related or other criteria are satisfied, and mayperform an action or trigger event (e.g., data migration) in response tothe criteria being satisfied, such as where a storage threshold is metfor a particular volume, or where inadequate protection exists forcertain data. For instance, data from one or more storage operationcells is used to mitigate recognized risks dynamically andautomatically, and/or to advise users of risks or suggest actions tomitigate these risks. For example, an information management policy mayspecify certain requirements (e.g., that a storage device shouldmaintain a certain amount of free space, that secondary copies shouldoccur at a particular interval, that data should be aged and migrated toother storage after a particular period, that data on a secondary volumeshould always have a certain level of availability and be restorablewithin a given time period, that data on a secondary volume may bemirrored or otherwise migrated to a specified number of other volumes,etc.). If a risk condition or other criterion is triggered, the systemmay notify the user of these conditions and may suggest (orautomatically implement) a mitigation action to address the risk. Forexample, the system may indicate that data from a primary copy 112should be migrated to a secondary storage device 108 to free up space onprimary storage device 104. Examples of the use of risk factors andother triggering criteria are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

In some embodiments, system 100 may also determine whether a metric orother indication satisfies particular storage criteria sufficient toperform an action. For example, a storage policy or other definitionmight indicate that a storage manager 140 should initiate a particularaction if a storage metric or other indication drops below or otherwisefails to satisfy specified criteria such as a threshold of dataprotection. In some embodiments, risk factors may be quantified intocertain measurable service or risk levels. For example, certainapplications and associated data may be considered to be more importantrelative to other data and services. Financial compliance data, forexample, may be of greater importance than marketing materials, etc.Network administrators may assign priority values or “weights” tocertain data and/or applications corresponding to the relativeimportance. The level of compliance of secondary copy operationsspecified for these applications may also be assigned a certain value.Thus, the health, impact, and overall importance of a service may bedetermined, such as by measuring the compliance value and calculatingthe product of the priority value and the compliance value to determinethe “service level” and comparing it to certain operational thresholdsto determine whether it is acceptable. Further examples of the servicelevel determination are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

System 100 may additionally calculate data costing and data availabilityassociated with information management operation cells. For instance,data received from a cell may be used in conjunction withhardware-related information and other information about system elementsto determine the cost of storage and/or the availability of particulardata. Example information generated could include how fast a particulardepartment is using up available storage space, how long data would taketo recover over a particular pathway from a particular secondary storagedevice, costs over time, etc. Moreover, in some embodiments, suchinformation may be used to determine or predict the overall costassociated with the storage of certain information. The cost associatedwith hosting a certain application may be based, at least in part, onthe type of media on which the data resides, for example. Storagedevices may be assigned to a particular cost categories, for example.Further examples of costing techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No.7,343,453.

Any of the above types of information (e.g., information related totrending, predictions, job, cell or component status, risk, servicelevel, costing, etc.) can generally be provided to users via userinterface 158 in a single integrated view or console (not shown). Reporttypes may include: scheduling, event management, media management anddata aging. Available reports may also include backup history, dataaging history, auxiliary copy history, job history, library and drive,media in library, restore history, and storage policy, etc., withoutlimitation. Such reports may be specified and created at a certain pointin time as a system analysis, forecasting, or provisioning tool.Integrated reports may also be generated that illustrate storage andperformance metrics, risks and storage costing information. Moreover,users may create their own reports based on specific needs. Userinterface 158 can include an option to graphically depict the variouscomponents in the system using appropriate icons. As one example, userinterface 158 may provide a graphical depiction of primary storagedevices 104, secondary storage devices 108, data agents 142 and/or mediaagents 144, and their relationship to one another in system 100.

In general, the operations management functionality of system 100 canfacilitate planning and decision-making. For example, in someembodiments, a user may view the status of some or all jobs as well asthe status of each component of information management system 100. Usersmay then plan and make decisions based on this data. For instance, auser may view high-level information regarding secondary copy operationsfor system 100, such as job status, component status, resource status(e.g., communication pathways, etc.), and other information. The usermay also drill down or use other means to obtain more detailedinformation regarding a particular component, job, or the like. Furtherexamples are provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,343,453.

System 100 can also be configured to perform system-wide e-discoveryoperations in some embodiments. In general, e-discovery operationsprovide a unified collection and search capability for data in thesystem, such as data stored in secondary storage devices 108 (e.g.,backups, archives, or other secondary copies 116). For example, system100 may construct and maintain a virtual repository for data stored insystem 100 that is integrated across source applications 110, differentstorage device types, etc. According to some embodiments, e-discoveryutilizes other techniques described herein, such as data classificationand/or content indexing.

Information Management Policies

An information management policy 148 can include a data structure orother information source that specifies a set of parameters (e.g.,criteria and rules) associated with secondary copy and/or otherinformation management operations.

One type of information management policy 148 is a “storage policy.”According to certain embodiments, a storage policy generally comprises adata structure or other information source that defines (or includesinformation sufficient to determine) a set of preferences or othercriteria for performing information management operations. Storagepolicies can include one or more of the following: (1) what data will beassociated with the storage policy, e.g., subclient; (2) a destinationto which the data will be stored; (3) datapath information specifyinghow the data will be communicated to the destination; (4) the type ofsecondary copy operation to be performed; and (5) retention informationspecifying how long the data will be retained at the destination (see,e.g., FIG. 1E). Data associated with a storage policy can be logicallyorganized into subclients, which may represent primary data 112 and/orsecondary copies 116. A subclient may represent static or dynamicassociations of portions of a data volume. Subclients may representmutually exclusive portions. Thus, in certain embodiments, a portion ofdata may be given a label and the association is stored as a staticentity in an index, database or other storage location. Subclients mayalso be used as an effective administrative scheme of organizing dataaccording to data type, department within the enterprise, storagepreferences, or the like. Depending on the configuration, subclients cancorrespond to files, folders, virtual machines, databases, etc. In oneexample scenario, an administrator may find it preferable to separatee-mail data from financial data using two different subclients.

A storage policy can define where data is stored by specifying a targetor destination storage device (or group of storage devices). Forinstance, where the secondary storage device 108 includes a group ofdisk libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular disk libraryfor storing the subclients associated with the policy. As anotherexample, where the secondary storage devices 108 include one or moretape libraries, the storage policy may specify a particular tape libraryfor storing the subclients associated with the storage policy, and mayalso specify a drive pool and a tape pool defining a group of tapedrives and a group of tapes, respectively, for use in storing thesubclient data. While information in the storage policy can bestatically assigned in some cases, some or all of the information in thestorage policy can also be dynamically determined based on criteria setforth in the storage policy. For instance, based on such criteria, aparticular destination storage device(s) or other parameter of thestorage policy may be determined based on characteristics associatedwith the data involved in a particular secondary copy operation, deviceavailability (e.g., availability of a secondary storage device 108 or amedia agent 144), network status and conditions (e.g., identifiedbottlenecks), user credentials, and the like.

Datapath information can also be included in the storage policy. Forinstance, the storage policy may specify network pathways and componentsto utilize when moving the data to the destination storage device(s). Insome embodiments, the storage policy specifies one or more media agents144 for conveying data associated with the storage policy between thesource and destination. A storage policy can also specify the type(s) ofassociated operations, such as backup, archive, snapshot, auxiliarycopy, or the like. Furthermore, retention parameters can specify howlong the resulting secondary copies 116 will be kept (e.g., a number ofdays, months, years, etc.), perhaps depending on organizational needsand/or compliance criteria.

When adding a new client computing device 102, administrators canmanually configure information management policies 148 and/or othersettings, e.g., via user interface 158. However, this can be an involvedprocess resulting in delays, and it may be desirable to begin dataprotection operations quickly, without awaiting human intervention.Thus, in some embodiments, system 100 automatically applies a defaultconfiguration to client computing device 102. As one example, when oneor more data agent(s) 142 are installed on a client computing device102, the installation script may register the client computing device102 with storage manager 140, which in turn applies the defaultconfiguration to the new client computing device 102. In this manner,data protection operations can begin substantially immediately. Thedefault configuration can include a default storage policy, for example,and can specify any appropriate information sufficient to begin dataprotection operations. This can include a type of data protectionoperation, scheduling information, a target secondary storage device108, data path information (e.g., a particular media agent 144), and thelike.

Another type of information management policy 148 is a “schedulingpolicy,” which specifies when and how often to perform operations.Scheduling parameters may specify with what frequency (e.g., hourly,weekly, daily, event-based, etc.) or under what triggering conditionssecondary copy or other information management operations are to takeplace. Scheduling policies in some cases are associated with particularcomponents, such as a subclient, client computing device 102, and thelike.

Another type of information management policy 148 is an “audit policy”(or “security policy”), which comprises preferences, rules and/orcriteria that protect sensitive data in system 100. For example, anaudit policy may define “sensitive objects” which are files or dataobjects that contain particular keywords (e.g., “confidential,” or“privileged”) and/or are associated with particular keywords (e.g., inmetadata) or particular flags (e.g., in metadata identifying a documentor email as personal, confidential, etc.). An audit policy may furtherspecify rules for handling sensitive objects. As an example, an auditpolicy may require that a reviewer approve the transfer of any sensitiveobjects to a cloud storage site, and that if approval is denied for aparticular sensitive object, the sensitive object should be transferredto a local primary storage device 104 instead. To facilitate thisapproval, the audit policy may further specify how a secondary storagecomputing device 106 or other system component should notify a reviewerthat a sensitive object is slated for transfer.

Another type of information management policy 148 is a “provisioningpolicy,” which can include preferences, priorities, rules, and/orcriteria that specify how client computing devices 102 (or groupsthereof) may utilize system resources, such as available storage oncloud storage and/or network bandwidth. A provisioning policy specifies,for example, data quotas for particular client computing devices 102(e.g., a number of gigabytes that can be stored monthly, quarterly orannually). Storage manager 140 or other components may enforce theprovisioning policy. For instance, media agents 144 may enforce thepolicy when transferring data to secondary storage devices 108. If aclient computing device 102 exceeds a quota, a budget for the clientcomputing device 102 (or associated department) may be adjustedaccordingly or an alert may trigger.

While the above types of information management policies 148 aredescribed as separate policies, one or more of these can be generallycombined into a single information management policy 148. For instance,a storage policy may also include or otherwise be associated with one ormore scheduling, audit, or provisioning policies or operationalparameters thereof. Moreover, while storage policies are typicallyassociated with moving and storing data, other policies may beassociated with other types of information management operations. Thefollowing is a non-exhaustive list of items that information managementpolicies 148 may specify:

-   schedules or other timing information, e.g., specifying when and/or    how often to perform information management operations;-   the type of secondary copy 116 and/or copy format (e.g., snapshot,    backup, archive, HSM, etc.);-   a location or a class or quality of storage for storing secondary    copies 116 (e.g., one or more particular secondary storage devices    108);-   preferences regarding whether and how to encrypt, compress,    deduplicate, or otherwise modify or transform secondary copies 116;-   which system components and/or network pathways (e.g., preferred    media agents 144) should be used to perform secondary storage    operations;-   resource allocation among different computing devices or other    system components used in performing information management    operations (e.g., bandwidth allocation, available storage capacity,    etc.);-   whether and how to synchronize or otherwise distribute files or    other data objects across multiple computing devices or hosted    services; and-   retention information specifying the length of time primary data 112    and/or secondary copies 116 should be retained, e.g., in a    particular class or tier of storage devices, or within the system    100.

Information management policies 148 can additionally specify or dependon historical or current criteria that may be used to determine whichrules to apply to a particular data object, system component, orinformation management operation, such as:

-   frequency with which primary data 112 or a secondary copy 116 of a    data object or metadata has been or is predicted to be used,    accessed, or modified;-   time-related factors (e.g., aging information such as time since the    creation or modification of a data object);-   deduplication information (e.g., hashes, data blocks, deduplication    block size, deduplication efficiency or other metrics);-   an estimated or historic usage or cost associated with different    components (e.g., with secondary storage devices 108);-   the identity of users, applications 110, client computing devices    102 and/or other computing devices that created, accessed, modified,    or otherwise utilized primary data 112 or secondary copies 116;-   a relative sensitivity (e.g., confidentiality, importance) of a data    object, e.g., as determined by its content and/or metadata;-   the current or historical storage capacity of various storage    devices;-   the current or historical network capacity of network pathways    connecting various components within the storage operation cell;-   access control lists or other security information; and-   the content of a particular data object (e.g., its textual content)    or of metadata associated with the data object.

Example Storage Policy and Secondary Copy Operations

FIG. 1E includes a data flow diagram depicting performance of secondarycopy operations by an embodiment of information management system 100,according to an example storage policy 148A. System 100 includes astorage manager 140, a client computing device 102 having a file systemdata agent 142A and an email data agent 142B operating thereon, aprimary storage device 104, two media agents 144A, 144B, and twosecondary storage devices 108: a disk library 108A and a tape library108B. As shown, primary storage device 104 includes primary data 112A,which is associated with a logical grouping of data associated with afile system (“file system subclient”), and primary data 112B, which is alogical grouping of data associated with email (“email subclient”). Thetechniques described with respect to FIG. 1E can be utilized inconjunction with data that is otherwise organized as well.

As indicated by the dashed box, the second media agent 144B and tapelibrary 108B are “off-site,” and may be remotely located from the othercomponents in system 100 (e.g., in a different city, office building,etc.). Indeed, “off-site” may refer to a magnetic tape located in remotestorage, which must be manually retrieved and loaded into a tape driveto be read. In this manner, information stored on the tape library 108Bmay provide protection in the event of a disaster or other failure atthe main site(s) where data is stored.

The file system subclient 112A in certain embodiments generallycomprises information generated by the file system and/or operatingsystem of client computing device 102, and can include, for example,file system data (e.g., regular files, file tables, mount points, etc.),operating system data (e.g., registries, event logs, etc.), and thelike. The e-mail subclient 112B can include data generated by an e-mailapplication operating on client computing device 102, e.g., mailboxinformation, folder information, emails, attachments, associateddatabase information, and the like. As described above, the subclientscan be logical containers, and the data included in the correspondingprimary data 112A and 112B may or may not be stored contiguously.

The example storage policy 148A includes backup copy preferences or ruleset 160, disaster recovery copy preferences or rule set 162, andcompliance copy preferences or rule set 164. Backup copy rule set 160specifies that it is associated with file system subclient 166 and emailsubclient 168. Each of subclients 166 and 168 are associated with theparticular client computing device 102. Backup copy rule set 160 furtherspecifies that the backup operation will be written to disk library 108Aand designates a particular media agent 144A to convey the data to disklibrary 108A. Finally, backup copy rule set 160 specifies that backupcopies created according to rule set 160 are scheduled to be generatedhourly and are to be retained for 30 days. In some other embodiments,scheduling information is not included in storage policy 148A and isinstead specified by a separate scheduling policy.

Disaster recovery copy rule set 162 is associated with the same twosubclients 166 and 168. However, disaster recovery copy rule set 162 isassociated with tape library 108B, unlike backup copy rule set 160.Moreover, disaster recovery copy rule set 162 specifies that a differentmedia agent, namely 144B, will convey data to tape library 108B.Disaster recovery copies created according to rule set 162 will beretained for 60 days and will be generated daily. Disaster recoverycopies generated according to disaster recovery copy rule set 162 canprovide protection in the event of a disaster or other catastrophic dataloss that would affect the backup copy 116A maintained on disk library108A.

Compliance copy rule set 164 is only associated with the email subclient168, and not the file system subclient 166. Compliance copies generatedaccording to compliance copy rule set 164 will therefore not includeprimary data 112A from the file system subclient 166. For instance, theorganization may be under an obligation to store and maintain copies ofemail data for a particular period of time (e.g., 10 years) to complywith state or federal regulations, while similar regulations do notapply to file system data. Compliance copy rule set 164 is associatedwith the same tape library 108B and media agent 144B as disasterrecovery copy rule set 162, although a different storage device or mediaagent could be used in other embodiments. Finally, compliance copy ruleset 164 specifies that the copies it governs will be generated quarterlyand retained for 10 years.

Secondary Copy Jobs

A logical grouping of secondary copy operations governed by a rule setand being initiated at a point in time may be referred to as a“secondary copy job” (and sometimes may be called a “backup job,” eventhough it is not necessarily limited to creating only backup copies).Secondary copy jobs may be initiated on demand as well. Steps 1-9 belowillustrate three secondary copy jobs based on storage policy 148A.

Referring to FIG. 1E, at step 1, storage manager 140 initiates a backupjob according to the backup copy rule set 160, which logically comprisesall the secondary copy operations necessary to effectuate rules 160 instorage policy 148A every hour, including steps 1-4 occurring hourly.For instance, a scheduling service running on storage manager 140accesses backup copy rule set 160 or a separate scheduling policyassociated with client computing device 102 and initiates a backup jobon an hourly basis. Thus, at the scheduled time, storage manager 140sends instructions to client computing device 102 (i.e., to both dataagent 142A and data agent 142B) to begin the backup job.

At step 2, file system data agent 142A and email data agent 142B onclient computing device 102 respond to instructions from storage manager140 by accessing and processing the respective subclient primary data112A and 112B involved in the backup copy operation, which can be foundin primary storage device 104. Because the secondary copy operation is abackup copy operation, the data agent(s) 142A, 142B may format the datainto a backup format or otherwise process the data suitable for a backupcopy.

At step 3, client computing device 102 communicates the processed filesystem data (e.g., using file system data agent 142A) and the processedemail data (e.g., using email data agent 142B) to the first media agent144A according to backup copy rule set 160, as directed by storagemanager 140. Storage manager 140 may further keep a record in managementdatabase 146 of the association between media agent 144A and one or moreof: client computing device 102, file system subclient 112A, file systemdata agent 142A, email subclient 112B, email data agent 142B, and/orbackup copy 116A.

The target media agent 144A receives the data-agent-processed data fromclient computing device 102, and at step 4 generates and conveys backupcopy 116A to disk library 108A to be stored as backup copy 116A, againat the direction of storage manager 140 and according to backup copyrule set 160. Media agent 144A can also update its index 153 to includedata and/or metadata related to backup copy 116A, such as informationindicating where the backup copy 116A resides on disk library 108A,where the email copy resides, where the file system copy resides, dataand metadata for cache retrieval, etc. Storage manager 140 may similarlyupdate its index 150 to include information relating to the secondarycopy operation, such as information relating to the type of operation, aphysical location associated with one or more copies created by theoperation, the time the operation was performed, status informationrelating to the operation, the components involved in the operation, andthe like. In some cases, storage manager 140 may update its index 150 toinclude some or all of the information stored in index 153 of mediaagent 144A. At this point, the backup job may be considered complete.After the 30-day retention period expires, storage manager 140 instructsmedia agent 144A to delete backup copy 116A from disk library 108A andindexes 150 and/or 153 are updated accordingly.

At step 5, storage manager 140 initiates another backup job for adisaster recovery copy according to the disaster recovery rule set 162.Illustratively this includes steps 5-7 occurring daily for creatingdisaster recovery copy 116B. Illustratively, and by way of illustratingthe scalable aspects and off-loading principles embedded in system 100,disaster recovery copy 116B is based on backup copy 116A and not onprimary data 112A and 112B.

At step 6, illustratively based on instructions received from storagemanager 140 at step 5, the specified media agent 144B retrieves the mostrecent backup copy 116A from disk library 108A.

At step 7, again at the direction of storage manager 140 and asspecified in disaster recovery copy rule set 162, media agent 144B usesthe retrieved data to create a disaster recovery copy 116B and store itto tape library 108B. In some cases, disaster recovery copy 116B is adirect, mirror copy of backup copy 116A, and remains in the backupformat. In other embodiments, disaster recovery copy 116B may be furthercompressed or encrypted, or may be generated in some other manner, suchas by using primary data 112A and 112B from primary storage device 104as sources. The disaster recovery copy operation is initiated once a dayand disaster recovery copies 116B are deleted after 60 days; indexes 153and/or 150 are updated accordingly when/after each informationmanagement operation is executed and/or completed. The present backupjob may be considered completed.

At step 8, storage manager 140 initiates another backup job according tocompliance rule set 164, which performs steps 8-9 quarterly to createcompliance copy 116C. For instance, storage manager 140 instructs mediaagent 144B to create compliance copy 116C on tape library 108B, asspecified in the compliance copy rule set 164.

At step 9 in the example, compliance copy 116C is generated usingdisaster recovery copy 116B as the source. This is efficient, becausedisaster recovery copy resides on the same secondary storage device andthus no network resources are required to move the data. In otherembodiments, compliance copy 116C is instead generated using primarydata 112B corresponding to the email subclient or using backup copy 116Afrom disk library 108A as source data. As specified in the illustratedexample, compliance copies 116C are created quarterly, and are deletedafter ten years, and indexes 153 and/or 150 are kept up-to-dateaccordingly.

Example Applications of Storage Policies - Information GovernancePolicies and Classification

Again referring to FIG. 1E, storage manager 140 may permit a user tospecify aspects of storage policy 148A. For example, the storage policycan be modified to include information governance policies to define howdata should be managed in order to comply with a certain regulation orbusiness objective. The various policies may be stored, for example, inmanagement database 146. An information governance policy may align withone or more compliance tasks that are imposed by regulations or businessrequirements. Examples of information governance policies might includea Sarbanes-Oxley policy, a HIPAA policy, an electronic discovery(e-discovery) policy, and so on.

Information governance policies allow administrators to obtain differentperspectives on an organization’s online and offline data, without theneed for a dedicated data silo created solely for each differentviewpoint. As described previously, the data storage systems hereinbuild an index that reflects the contents of a distributed data set thatspans numerous clients and storage devices, including both primary dataand secondary copies, and online and offline copies. An organization mayapply multiple information governance policies in a top-down manner overthat unified data set and indexing schema in order to view andmanipulate the data set through different lenses, each of which isadapted to a particular compliance or business goal. Thus, for example,by applying an e-discovery policy and a Sarbanes-Oxley policy, twodifferent groups of users in an organization can conduct two verydifferent analyses of the same underlying physical set of data/copies,which may be distributed throughout the information management system.

An information governance policy may comprise a classification policy,which defines a taxonomy of classification terms or tags relevant to acompliance task and/or business objective. A classification policy mayalso associate a defined tag with a classification rule. Aclassification rule defines a particular combination of criteria, suchas users who have created, accessed or modified a document or dataobject; file or application types; content or metadata keywords; clientsor storage locations; dates of data creation and/or access; reviewstatus or other status within a workflow (e.g., reviewed orun-reviewed); modification times or types of modifications; and/or anyother data attributes in any combination, without limitation. Aclassification rule may also be defined using other classification tagsin the taxonomy. The various criteria used to define a classificationrule may be combined in any suitable fashion, for example, via Booleanoperators, to define a complex classification rule. As an example, ane-discovery classification policy might define a classification tag“privileged” that is associated with documents or data objects that (1)were created or modified by legal department staff, or (2) were sent toor received from outside counsel via email, or (3) contain one of thefollowing keywords: “privileged” or “attorney” or “counsel,” or otherlike terms. Accordingly, all these documents or data objects will beclassified as “privileged.”

One specific type of classification tag, which may be added to an indexat the time of indexing, is an “entity tag.” An entity tag may be, forexample, any content that matches a defined data mask format. Examplesof entity tags might include, e.g., social security numbers (e.g., anynumerical content matching the formatting mask XXX-XX-XXXX), credit cardnumbers (e.g., content having a 13-16 digit string of numbers), SKUnumbers, product numbers, etc. A user may define a classification policyby indicating criteria, parameters or descriptors of the policy via agraphical user interface, such as a form or page with fields to befilled in, pull-down menus or entries allowing one or more of severaloptions to be selected, buttons, sliders, hypertext links or other knownuser interface tools for receiving user input, etc. For example, a usermay define certain entity tags, such as a particular product number orproject ID. In some implementations, the classification policy can beimplemented using cloud-based techniques. For example, the storagedevices may be cloud storage devices, and the storage manager 140 mayexecute cloud service provider API over a network to classify datastored on cloud storage devices.

Restore Operations From Secondary Copies

While not shown in FIG. 1E, at some later point in time, a restoreoperation can be initiated involving one or more of secondary copies116A, 116B, and 116C. A restore operation logically takes a selectedsecondary copy 116, reverses the effects of the secondary copy operationthat created it, and stores the restored data to primary storage where aclient computing device 102 may properly access it as primary data. Amedia agent 144 and an appropriate data agent 142 (e.g., executing onthe client computing device 102) perform the tasks needed to complete arestore operation. For example, data that was encrypted, compressed,and/or deduplicated in the creation of secondary copy 116 will becorrespondingly rehydrated (reversing deduplication), uncompressed, andunencrypted into a format appropriate to primary data. Metadata storedwithin or associated with the secondary copy 116 may be used during therestore operation. In general, restored data should be indistinguishablefrom other primary data 112. Preferably, the restored data has fullyregained the native format that may make it immediately usable byapplication 110.

As one example, a user may manually initiate a restore of backup copy116A, e.g., by interacting with user interface 158 of storage manager140 or with a web-based console with access to system 100. Storagemanager 140 may accesses data in its index 150 and/or managementdatabase 146 (and/or the respective storage policy 148A) associated withthe selected backup copy 116A to identify the appropriate media agent144A and/or secondary storage device 108A where the secondary copyresides. The user may be presented with a representation (e.g., stub,thumbnail, listing, etc.) and metadata about the selected secondarycopy, in order to determine whether this is the appropriate copy to berestored, e.g., date that the original primary data was created. Storagemanager 140 will then instruct media agent 144A and an appropriate dataagent 142 on the target client computing device 102 to restore secondarycopy 116A to primary storage device 104. A media agent may be selectedfor use in the restore operation based on a load balancing algorithm, anavailability based algorithm, or other criteria. The selected mediaagent, e.g., 144A, retrieves secondary copy 116A from disk library 108A.For instance, media agent 144A may access its index 153 to identify alocation of backup copy 116A on disk library 108A, or may accesslocation information residing on disk library 108A itself.

In some cases a backup copy 116A that was recently created or accessed,may be cached to speed up the restore operation. In such a case, mediaagent 144A accesses a cached version of backup copy 116A residing inindex 153, without having to access disk library 108A for some or all ofthe data. Once it has retrieved backup copy 116A, the media agent 144Acommunicates the data to the requesting client computing device 102.Upon receipt, file system data agent 142A and email data agent 142B mayunpack (e.g., restore from a backup format to the native applicationformat) the data in backup copy 116A and restore the unpackaged data toprimary storage device 104. In general, secondary copies 116 may berestored to the same volume or folder in primary storage device 104 fromwhich the secondary copy was derived; to another storage location orclient computing device 102; to shared storage, etc. In some cases, thedata may be restored so that it may be used by an application 110 of adifferent version/vintage from the application that created the originalprimary data 112.

Example Secondary Copy Formatting

The formatting and structure of secondary copies 116 can vary dependingon the embodiment. In some cases, secondary copies 116 are formatted asa series of logical data units or “chunks” (e.g., 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB, 4GB, or 8 GB chunks). This can facilitate efficient communication andwriting to secondary storage devices 108, e.g., according to resourceavailability. For example, a single secondary copy 116 may be written ona chunk-by-chunk basis to one or more secondary storage devices 108. Insome cases, users can select different chunk sizes, e.g., to improvethroughput to tape storage devices. Generally, each chunk can include aheader and a payload. The payload can include files (or other dataunits) or subsets thereof included in the chunk, whereas the chunkheader generally includes metadata relating to the chunk, some or all ofwhich may be derived from the payload. For example, during a secondarycopy operation, media agent 144, storage manager 140, or other componentmay divide files into chunks and generate headers for each chunk byprocessing the files. Headers can include a variety of information suchas file and/or volume identifier(s), offset(s), and/or other informationassociated with the payload data items, a chunk sequence number, etc.Importantly, in addition to being stored with secondary copy 116 onsecondary storage device 108, chunk headers can also be stored to index153 of the associated media agent(s) 144 and/or to index 150 associatedwith storage manager 140. This can be useful for providing fasterprocessing of secondary copies 116 during browsing, restores, or otheroperations. In some cases, once a chunk is successfully transferred to asecondary storage device 108, the secondary storage device 108 returnsan indication of receipt, e.g., to media agent 144 and/or storagemanager 140, which may update their respective indexes 153, 150accordingly. During restore, chunks may be processed (e.g., by mediaagent 144) according to the information in the chunk header toreassemble the files.

Data can also be communicated within system 100 in data channels thatconnect client computing devices 102 to secondary storage devices 108.These data channels can be referred to as “data streams,” and multipledata streams can be employed to parallelize an information managementoperation, improving data transfer rate, among other advantages. Exampledata formatting techniques including techniques involving datastreaming, chunking, and the use of other data structures in creatingsecondary copies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,315,923, 8,156,086,and 8,578,120.

FIGS. 1F and 1G are diagrams of example data streams 170 and 171,respectively, which may be employed for performing informationmanagement operations. Referring to FIG. 1F, data agent 142 forms datastream 170 from source data associated with a client computing device102 (e.g., primary data 112). Data stream 170 is composed of multiplepairs of stream header 172 and stream data (or stream payload) 174. Datastreams 170 and 171 shown in the illustrated example are for asingle-instanced storage operation, and a stream payload 174 thereforemay include both single-instance (SI) data and/or non-SI data. A streamheader 172 includes metadata about the stream payload 174. This metadatamay include, for example, a length of the stream payload 174, anindication of whether the stream payload 174 is encrypted, an indicationof whether the stream payload 174 is compressed, an archive fileidentifier (ID), an indication of whether the stream payload 174 issingle instanceable, and an indication of whether the stream payload 174is a start of a block of data.

Referring to FIG. 1G, data stream 171 has the stream header 172 andstream payload 174 aligned into multiple data blocks. In this example,the data blocks are of size 64 KB. The first two stream header 172 andstream payload 174 pairs comprise a first data block of size 64 KB. Thefirst stream header 172 indicates that the length of the succeedingstream payload 174 is 63 KB and that it is the start of a data block.The next stream header 172 indicates that the succeeding stream payload174 has a length of 1 KB and that it is not the start of a new datablock. Immediately following stream payload 174 is a pair comprising anidentifier header 176 and identifier data 178. The identifier header 176includes an indication that the succeeding identifier data 178 includesthe identifier for the immediately previous data block. The identifierdata 178 includes the identifier that the data agent 142 generated forthe data block. The data stream 171 also includes other stream header172 and stream payload 174 pairs, which may be for SI data and/or non-SIdata.

FIG. 1H is a diagram illustrating data structures 180 that may be usedto store blocks of SI data and non-SI data on a storage device (e.g.,secondary storage device 108). According to certain embodiments, datastructures 180 do not form part of a native file system of the storagedevice. Data structures 180 include one or more volume folders 182, oneor more chunk folders 184/185 within the volume folder 182, and multiplefiles within chunk folder 184. Each chunk folder 184/185 includes ametadata file 186/187, a metadata index file 188/189, one or morecontainer files 190/191/193, and a container index file 192/194.Metadata file 186/187 stores non-SI data blocks as well as links to SIdata blocks stored in container files. Metadata index file 188/189stores an index to the data in the metadata file 186/187. Containerfiles 190/191/193 store SI data blocks. Container index file 192/194stores an index to container files 190/191/193. Among other things,container index file 192/194 stores an indication of whether acorresponding block in a container file 190/191/193 is referred to by alink in a metadata file 186/187. For example, data block B2 in thecontainer file 190 is referred to by a link in metadata file 187 inchunk folder 185. Accordingly, the corresponding index entry incontainer index file 192 indicates that data block B2 in container file190 is referred to. As another example, data block B1 in container file191 is referred to by a link in metadata file 187, and so thecorresponding index entry in container index file 192 indicates thatthis data block is referred to.

As an example, data structures 180 illustrated in FIG. 1H may have beencreated as a result of separate secondary copy operations involving twoclient computing devices 102. For example, a first secondary copyoperation on a first client computing device 102 could result in thecreation of the first chunk folder 184, and a second secondary copyoperation on a second client computing device 102 could result in thecreation of the second chunk folder 185. Container files 190/191 in thefirst chunk folder 184 would contain the blocks of SI data of the firstclient computing device 102. If the two client computing devices 102have substantially similar data, the second secondary copy operation onthe data of the second client computing device 102 would result in mediaagent 144 storing primarily links to the data blocks of the first clientcomputing device 102 that are already stored in the container files190/191. Accordingly, while a first secondary copy operation may resultin storing nearly all of the data subject to the operation, subsequentsecondary storage operations involving similar data may result insubstantial data storage space savings, because links to already storeddata blocks can be stored instead of additional instances of datablocks.

If the operating system of the secondary storage computing device 106 onwhich media agent 144 operates supports sparse files, then when mediaagent 144 creates container files 190/191/193, it can create them assparse files. A sparse file is a type of file that may include emptyspace (e.g., a sparse file may have real data within it, such as at thebeginning of the file and/or at the end of the file, but may also haveempty space in it that is not storing actual data, such as a contiguousrange of bytes all having a value of zero). Having container files190/191/193 be sparse files allows media agent 144 to free up space incontainer files 190/191/193 when blocks of data in container files190/191/193 no longer need to be stored on the storage devices. In someexamples, media agent 144 creates a new container file 190/191/193 whena container file 190/191/193 either includes 100 blocks of data or whenthe size of the container file 190 exceeds 50 MB. In other examples,media agent 144 creates a new container file 190/191/193 when acontainer file 190/191/193 satisfies other criteria (e.g., it containsfrom approx. 100 to approx. 1000 blocks or when its size exceedsapproximately 50 MB to 1 GB). In some cases, a file on which a secondarycopy operation is performed may comprise a large number of data blocks.For example, a 100 MB file may comprise 400 data blocks of size 256 KB.If such a file is to be stored, its data blocks may span more than onecontainer file, or even more than one chunk folder. As another example,a database file of 20 GB may comprise over 40,000 data blocks of size512 KB. If such a database file is to be stored, its data blocks willlikely span multiple container files, multiple chunk folders, andpotentially multiple volume folders. Restoring such files may requireaccessing multiple container files, chunk folders, and/or volume foldersto obtain the requisite data blocks.

Using Backup Data for Replication and Disaster Recovery (“LiveSynchronization”)

There is an increased demand to off-load resource intensive informationmanagement tasks (e.g., data replication tasks) away from productiondevices (e.g., physical or virtual client computing devices) in order tomaximize production efficiency. At the same time, enterprises expectaccess to readily-available up-to-date recovery copies in the event offailure, with little or no production downtime.

FIG. 2A illustrates a system 200 configured to address these and otherissues by using backup or other secondary copy data to synchronize asource subsystem 201 (e.g., a production site) with a destinationsubsystem 203 (e.g., a failover site). Such a technique can be referredto as “live synchronization” and/or “live synchronization replication.”In the illustrated embodiment, the source client computing devices 202 ainclude one or more virtual machines (or “VMs”) executing on one or morecorresponding VM host computers 205 a, though the source need not bevirtualized. The destination site 203 may be at a location that isremote from the production site 201, or may be located in the same datacenter, without limitation. One or more of the production site 201 anddestination site 203 may reside at data centers at known geographiclocations, or alternatively may operate “in the cloud.”

The synchronization can be achieved by generally applying an ongoingstream of incremental backups from the source subsystem 201 to thedestination subsystem 203, such as according to what can be referred toas an “incremental forever” approach. FIG. 2A illustrates an embodimentof a data flow which may be orchestrated at the direction of one or morestorage managers (not shown). At step 1, the source data agent(s) 242 aand source media agent(s) 244 a work together to write backup or othersecondary copies of the primary data generated by the source clientcomputing devices 202 a into the source secondary storage device(s) 208a. At step 2, the backup/secondary copies are retrieved by the sourcemedia agent(s) 244 a from secondary storage. At step 3, source mediaagent(s) 244 a communicate the backup/secondary copies across a networkto the destination media agent(s) 244 b in destination subsystem 203.

As shown, the data can be copied from source to destination in anincremental fashion, such that only changed blocks are transmitted, andin some cases multiple incremental backups are consolidated at thesource so that only the most current changed blocks are transmitted toand applied at the destination. An example of live synchronization ofvirtual machines using the “incremental forever” approach is found inU.S. Pat. No. 10,228,962 entitled “Live Synchronization and Managementof Virtual Machines across Computing and Virtualization Platforms andUsing Live Synchronization to Support Disaster Recovery.” Moreover, adeduplicated copy can be employed to further reduce network traffic fromsource to destination. For instance, the system can utilize thededuplicated copy techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,239,687,entitled “Systems and Methods for Retaining and Using Data BlockSignatures in Data Protection Operations.”

At step 4, destination media agent(s) 244 b write the receivedbackup/secondary copy data to the destination secondary storagedevice(s) 208 b. At step 5, the synchronization is completed when thedestination media agent(s) and destination data agent(s) 242 b restorethe backup/secondary copy data to the destination client computingdevice(s) 202 b. The destination client computing device(s) 202 b may bekept “warm” awaiting activation in case failure is detected at thesource. This synchronization/replication process can incorporate thetechniques described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2016/0350391 entitled“Replication Using Deduplicated Secondary Copy Data.”

Where the incremental backups are applied on a frequent, on-going basis,the synchronized copies can be viewed as mirror or replication copies.Moreover, by applying the incremental backups to the destination site203 using backup or other secondary copy data, the production site 201is not burdened with the synchronization operations. Because thedestination site 203 can be maintained in a synchronized “warm” state,the downtime for switching over from the production site 201 to thedestination site 203 is substantially less than with a typical restorefrom secondary storage. Thus, the production site 201 may flexibly andefficiently fail over, with minimal downtime and with relativelyup-to-date data, to a destination site 203, such as a cloud-basedfailover site. The destination site 203 can later be reversesynchronized back to the production site 201, such as after repairs havebeen implemented or after the failure has passed.

Integrating With the Cloud Using File System Protocols

Given the ubiquity of cloud computing, it can be increasingly useful toprovide data protection and other information management services in ascalable, transparent, and highly plug-able fashion. FIG. 2B illustratesan information management system 200 having an architecture thatprovides such advantages, and incorporates use of a standard file systemprotocol between primary and secondary storage subsystems 217, 218. Asshown, the use of the network file system (NFS) protocol (or any anotherappropriate file system protocol such as that of the Common InternetFile System (CIFS)) allows data agent 242 to be moved from the primarystorage subsystem 217 to the secondary storage subsystem 218. Forinstance, as indicated by the dashed box 206 around data agent 242 andmedia agent 244, data agent 242 can co-reside with media agent 244 onthe same server (e.g., a secondary storage computing device such ascomponent 106), or in some other location in secondary storage subsystem218.

Where NFS is used, for example, secondary storage subsystem 218allocates an NFS network path to the client computing device 202 or toone or more target applications 210 running on client computing device202. During a backup or other secondary copy operation, the clientcomputing device 202 mounts the designated NFS path and writes data tothat NFS path. The NFS path may be obtained from NFS path data 215stored locally at the client computing device 202, and which may be acopy of or otherwise derived from NFS path data 219 stored in thesecondary storage subsystem 218.

Write requests issued by client computing device(s) 202 are received bydata agent 242 in secondary storage subsystem 218, which translates therequests and works in conjunction with media agent 244 to process andwrite data to a secondary storage device(s) 208, thereby creating abackup or other secondary copy. Storage manager 240 can include apseudo-client manager 217, which coordinates the process by, among otherthings, communicating information relating to client computing device202 and application 210 (e.g., application type, client computing deviceidentifier, etc.) to data agent 242, obtaining appropriate NFS path datafrom the data agent 242 (e.g., NFS path information), and deliveringsuch data to client computing device 202.

Conversely, during a restore or recovery operation client computingdevice 202 reads from the designated NFS network path, and the readrequest is translated by data agent 242. The data agent 242 then workswith media agent 244 to retrieve, re-process (e.g., re-hydrate,decompress, decrypt), and forward the requested data to client computingdevice 202 using NFS.

By moving specialized software associated with system 200 such as dataagent 242 off the client computing devices 202, the illustrativearchitecture effectively decouples the client computing devices 202 fromthe installed components of system 200, improving both scalability andplug-ability of system 200. Indeed, the secondary storage subsystem 218in such environments can be treated simply as a read/write NFS targetfor primary storage subsystem 217, without the need for informationmanagement software to be installed on client computing devices 202. Asone example, an enterprise implementing a cloud production computingenvironment can add VM client computing devices 202 without installingand configuring specialized information management software on theseVMs. Rather, backups and restores are achieved transparently, where thenew VMs simply write to and read from the designated NFS path. Anexample of integrating with the cloud using file system protocols orso-called “infinite backup” using NFS share is found in U.S. Pat. Pub.No. 2017/0235647 entitled “Data Protection Operations Based on NetworkPath Information.” Examples of improved data restoration scenarios basedon network-path information, including using stored backups effectivelyas primary data sources, may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 10,684,924entitled “Data Restoration Operations Based on Network PathInformation.”

Highly Scalable Managed Data Pool Architecture

Enterprises are seeing explosive data growth in recent years, often fromvarious applications running in geographically distributed locations.FIG. 2C shows a block diagram of an example of a highly scalable,managed data pool architecture useful in accommodating such data growth.The illustrated system 200, which may be referred to as a “web-scale”architecture according to certain embodiments, can be readilyincorporated into both open compute/storage and common-cloudarchitectures.

The illustrated system 200 includes a grid 245 of media agents 244logically organized into a control tier 231 and a secondary or storagetier 233. Media agents assigned to the storage tier 233 can beconfigured to manage a secondary storage pool 208 as a deduplicationstore, and be configured to receive client write and read requests fromthe primary storage subsystem 217, and direct those requests to thesecondary tier 233 for servicing. For instance, media agents CMA1-CMA3in the control tier 231 maintain and consult one or more deduplicationdatabases 247, which can include deduplication information (e.g., datablock hashes, data block links, file containers for deduplicated files,etc.) sufficient to read deduplicated files from secondary storage pool208 and write deduplicated files to secondary storage pool 208. Forinstance, system 200 can incorporate any of the deduplication systemsand methods shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,020,900, entitled“Distributed Deduplicated Storage System,” and U.S. Pat. No. 9,633,033entitled “High Availability Distributed Deduplicated Storage System.”

Media agents SMA1-SMA6 assigned to the secondary tier 233 receive writeand read requests from media agents CMA1-CMA3 in control tier 231, andaccess secondary storage pool 208 to service those requests. Mediaagents CMA1-CMA3 in control tier 231 can also communicate with secondarystorage pool 208, and may execute read and write requests themselves(e.g., in response to requests from other control media agentsCMA1-CMA3) in addition to issuing requests to media agents in secondarytier 233. Moreover, while shown as separate from the secondary storagepool 208, deduplication database(s) 247 can in some cases reside instorage devices in secondary storage pool 208.

As shown, each of the media agents 244 (e.g., CMA1-CMA3, SMA1-SMA6,etc.) in grid 245 can be allocated a corresponding dedicated partition251A-251I, respectively, in secondary storage pool 208. Each partition251 can include a first portion 253 containing data associated with(e.g., stored by) media agent 244 corresponding to the respectivepartition 251. System 200 can also implement a desired level ofreplication, thereby providing redundancy in the event of a failure of amedia agent 244 in grid 245. Along these lines, each partition 251 canfurther include a second portion 255 storing one or more replicationcopies of the data associated with one or more other media agents 244 inthe grid.

System 200 can also be configured to allow for seamless addition ofmedia agents 244 to grid 245 via automatic configuration. As oneillustrative example, a storage manager (not shown) or other appropriatecomponent may determine that it is appropriate to add an additional nodeto control tier 231, and perform some or all of the following: (i)assess the capabilities of a newly added or otherwise availablecomputing device as satisfying a minimum criteria to be configured as orhosting a media agent in control tier 231; (ii) confirm that asufficient amount of the appropriate type of storage exists to supportan additional node in control tier 231 (e.g., enough disk drive capacityexists in storage pool 208 to support an additional deduplicationdatabase 247); (iii) install appropriate media agent software on thecomputing device and configure the computing device according to apre-determined template; (iv) establish a partition 251 in the storagepool 208 dedicated to the newly established media agent 244; and (v)build any appropriate data structures (e.g., an instance ofdeduplication database 247). An example of highly scalable managed datapool architecture or so-called web-scale architecture for storage anddata management is found in U.S. Pat. No. 10,255,143 entitled“Deduplication Replication In A Distributed Deduplication Data StorageSystem.”

The embodiments and components thereof disclosed in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and2C, as well as those in FIGS. 1A-1H, may be implemented in anycombination and permutation to satisfy data storage management andinformation management needs at one or more locations and/or datacenters.

Cloud Computing. The National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) provides the following definition of Cloud Computingcharacteristics, service models, and deployment models:

-   Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,    convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of    configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,    applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and    released with minimal management effort or service provider    interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential    characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.-   Essential Characteristics:    -   On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision        computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage,        as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with        each service provider.    -   Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the        network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote        use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g.,        mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).    -   Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled        to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with        different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned        and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of        location independence in that the customer generally has no        control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided        resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level        of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples        of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network        bandwidth.    -   Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned        and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly        outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer,        the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be        unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time.    -   Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and        optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability¹ at        some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service        (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user        accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and        reported, providing transparency for both the provider and        consumer of the utilized service.-   Service Models:    -   Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the        consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a        cloud infrastructure². The applications are accessible from        various client devices through either a thin client interface,        such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program        interface. The consumer does not manage or control the        underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,        operating systems, storage, or even individual application        capabilities, with the possible exception of limited        user-specific application configuration settings.    -   Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the        consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure        consumer-created or acquired applications created using        programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported        by the provider.³ The consumer does not manage or control the        underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,        operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed        applications and possibly configuration settings for the        application-hosting environment.    -   Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to        the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and        other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able        to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include        operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage        or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control        over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and        possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g.,        host firewalls).-   Deployment Models:    -   Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for        exclusive use by a single organization comprising multiple        consumers (e.g., business units). It may be owned, managed, and        operated by the organization, a third party, or some combination        of them, and it may exist on or off premises.    -   Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for        exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from        organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security        requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be        owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the organizations        in the community, a third party, or some combination of them,        and it may exist on or off premises.    -   Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for open        use by the general public. It may be owned, managed, and        operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or        some combination of them. It exists on the premises of the cloud        provider.    -   Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two        or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or        public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by        standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and        application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load balancing        between clouds).

¹Typically this is done on a pay-per-use or charge-per-use basis.

²A cloud infrastructure is the collection of hardware and software thatenables the five essential characteristics of cloud computing. The cloudinfrastructure can be viewed as containing both a physical layer and anabstraction layer. The physical layer consists of the hardware resourcesthat are necessary to support the cloud services being provided, andtypically includes server, storage and network components. Theabstraction layer consists of the software deployed across the physicallayer, which manifests the essential cloud characteristics. Conceptuallythe abstraction layer sits above the physical layer.

³This capability does not necessarily preclude the use of compatibleprogramming languages, libraries, services, and tools from othersources.

Source: Peter Mell, Timothy Grance (September 2011). The NIST Definitionof Cloud Computing, National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S.Department of Commerce. Special publication 800-145.nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf(accessed 26 Apr. 2019). Cloud computing aims to allow those who consumethe services (whether individuals or organizations) to benefit from theavailable technologies without the need for deep knowledge about orexpertise with each of them. Wikipedia, Cloud Computing,en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud computing (accessed 26 Apr. 2019).“Cloudcomputing metaphor: the group of networked elements providing servicesneed not be individually addressed or managed by users; instead, theentire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought ofas an amorphous cloud.” Id.

Cloud Service Accounts and Variability in Cloud Services. Cloud serviceproviders such as Amazon, Microsoft, Alibaba, Google, Salesforce, Cisco,etc. provide access to their particular cloud services via cloud serviceaccounts, such as corporate accounts, departmental accounts, individualuser accounts, etc. Each cloud service account typically hasauthentication features, e.g., passwords, certificates, etc., torestrict and control access to the cloud service. Each account alsomight have service level guarantees and/or other terms and conditionsbetween the cloud service provider and the service subscriber, e.g., acompany, a government agency, an individual user. A subscribing entitymight have multiple accounts with a cloud service provider, such as anaccount for the Engineering department, an account for the Financedepartment, an account for the Human Resources department, otheraccounts for individual company users, etc., without limitation. Eachcloud service account carries different authentication, even though theservices subscriber is the same entity. Different cloud service accountsmight differ not just in service level guarantees, but might includedifferent services. For example, one account might include long-termstorage resources, whereas another account might be limited to ordinarydata storage. For example, some accounts might have access to dataprocessing functions supplied by the cloud service provider, such asmachine learning algorithms, statistical analysis packages, etc.,whereas other accounts might lack such features. Accordingly, theresources available to the user(s) of cloud service accounts can vary asbetween accounts, even if the accounts have the same subscriber and thesame cloud service provider. Thus, the user experience and thetechnologies available as between cloud service accounts can varysignificantly.

Cloud Availability Zones. “Availability zones (AZs) are isolatedlocations within ... regions from which public cloud services originateand operate. Regions are geographic locations in which public cloudservice providers’ data centers reside. Businesses choose one ormultiple worldwide availability zones for their services depending onbusiness needs. Businesses select availability zones for a variety ofreasons, including compliance and proximity to end customers. Cloudadministrators can also choose to replicate services across multipleavailability zones to decrease latency or protect resources. Admins canmove resources to another availability zone in the event of an outage.Certain cloud services may also be limited to particular regions orAZs.” Source: Margaret Rouse, Definition of Availability Zones,TechTarget, searchaws.techtarget.com/definition/availability-zones(accessed 26 Apr. 2019). Here is a vendor-specific example of how cloudservice availability zones are organized in the Google Cloud: “Certain[Google] Compute Engine resources live in regions or zones. A region isa specific geographical location where you can run your resources. Eachregion has one or more zones; most regions have three or more zones. Forexample, the us-central1 region denotes a region in the Central UnitedStates that has zones us-central1-a, us-central1-b, us-central1-c, andus-central1-f. Resources that live in a zone, such as instances orpersistent disks, are referred to as zonal resources. Other resources,like static external IP addresses, are regional. Regional resources canbe used by any resources in that region, regardless of zone, while zonalresources can only be used by other resources in the same zone. Forexample, disks and instances are both zonal resources. To attach a diskto an instance, both resources must be in the same zone. Similarly, ifyou want to assign a static IP address to an instance, the instance mustbe in the same region as the static IP. Only certain resources areregion- or zone-specific. Other resources, such as images, are globalresources that can be used by any other resources across any location.For information on global, regional, and zonal Compute Engine resources,see Global, Regional, and Zonal Resources.” Source: Google Cloud Regionsand Zones, cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones/ (accessed 26Apr. 2019) (emphasis added). Accordingly, when considering cloudcomputing, availability zones can play a role in the availability and/orportability of resources. Crossing zone boundaries can posetechnological barriers when considering migration of applications andtheir cloud service assets, even when the different availability zonesare supplied by the same cloud service provider.

Traditional Non-Cloud (“On-Premises”) Data Centers are Distinguishablefrom Cloud Computing. Traditional data centers generally do not havecloud computing characteristics. For example, the user experience isgenerally different, for example in regard to the name space(s) used forthe storage, computing, and network resources. Moreover, substantialincreases in resources needed by a user are not provisioned on demand. Atraditional data center is physically located within theenterprise/organization that owns it. A traditional non-cloud datacenter might comprise computing resources such as servers, mainframes,virtual servers/clusters, etc.; and/or data storage resources, such asnetwork-attached storage, storage area networks, tape libraries, etc.The owner of the traditional data center procures hardware, software,and network infrastructure (including making the associated capitalinvestments); and manages going-forward planning for the data center. Atraditional data center is staffed by professional InformationTechnology (IT) personnel, who are responsible for the data center’sconfiguration, operation, upgrades, and maintenance. Thus, a traditionalnon-cloud data center can be thought of as self-managed by itsowner/operator for the benefit of in-house users, as compared to cloudcomputing, which is managed by the cloud service provider and suppliedas a service to outside subscribers. Clearly, a cloud computing servicealso has hardware, software, and networking infrastructure andprofessionals staffing it, as well as having an owner responsible forhousing and paying for the infrastructure. However, the cloud computingservice is consumed differently, served differently, and deployeddifferently compared to non-cloud data centers. Traditional non-clouddata centers are sometimes referred to as “on-premises” data centers,because their facilities are literally within the bounds of theorganization that owns the data center. Cloud service providers’ datacenters generally are not within the bounds of the subscriberorganization and are consumed “at a distance” “in the cloud.”

Data Storage Management System For Cloud-Based Recovery of Backed UpData Using Auxiliary Copy Replication and On-Demand Failover Resources

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of a datastorage management system 300 for cloud-based recovery of backed up datausing auxiliary copy replication and on-demand failover resources,according to an illustrative embodiment. The figure depicts: primarydata 112A in a data storage device 104; application 110/VM 202; dataagent 242A; media agent 244A; cloud computing environment 301 comprisingany number of auxiliary copies 316D (e.g., 316D-1, 316D-2, 316D-3) in apersistent cloud storage 304; backup copies 316A; and storage manager340. FIG. 3 generally depicts pre-failover operations. Components on theleft side of the figure are at a source/failback site; components on theright side of the figure are in a cloud-based failover site ordestination.

Primary data 112A is generated by application 110 and/or VM 202 - all ofthem described in more detail elsewhere herein. Application 110 executeson a client computing device 102 (not shown in the present figure butsee, e.g., FIG. 1A and accompanying text). VM 202 executes on a VM host205A (not shown in the present figure but see, e.g., FIG. 2A andaccompanying text). Thus, client computing device 102 executingapplication 110 and/or VM host 205A executing VM 202 are said to becomputerized data sources of primary data 112A. Another application orapplications not shown here may execute on VM 202 and may also be acomputerized data source for primary data 112A. Primary data 112A is ina primary data format that is natively accessible to the data source.

Data agent 242A is described in more detail in FIG. 2A; see also dataagent 142 in FIG. 1C. Media agent 244A is described in more detail inFIG. 2A; see also media agent 144 in FIG. 1C. Data agent 242A istypically co-resident with the application that generates primary data112A, executing for example, on client computing device 102 or VM 202.Media agent 244A may execute on a separate computing device, such assecondary storage computing device 106; in some embodiments, media agent244A co-resides with data agent 242A on the same computingdevice/platform (not shown here).

Data storage management system 300 is analogous to system 100 andcomprises storage manager 340, data agent 242A, and media agent 244A, aswell as comprising on-demand data access node 443. The other depictedcomponents, e.g., primary data 112A, cloud computing environment 301,etc., need not be part of system 300. System 300 may further compriseother components, such as data agents 142 and media agents 144, withoutlimitation.

Cloud computing environment 301 is a cloud service account in a privatecloud or in a certain availability zone of a public cloud such as GoogleCloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (AWS), etc.,without limitation. The private cloud may be provided by a managedservice provider (MSP) that serves “tenant” customers.

Persistent cloud storage 304 (or “cloud storage services” 304) comprisesdata storage resources within cloud computing environment 301 that areconfigured to store data persistently. The physical storage may occupymultiple servers, possibly in multiple locations, and the physicalenvironment is typically owned and managed by the cloud service providersuch as Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Microsoft Azure, Amazon WebServices (AWS), managed service provider (MSP), etc., withoutlimitation. Examples of persistent cloud storage 304 include GoogleCloud, Microsoft Azure Blob Storage, Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3),etc., without limitation. Some of these cloud storage services 304 havedifferent service tiers, and the invention is not limited to anyparticular tier or cloud storage service.

Backup copies 316A are analogous to secondary copies 116 as described inmore detail in FIG. 1A. Data agent 242A in conjunction with media agent244A process primary data 112A obtained from data storage 104 into oneor more backup copies 316A. Typically, backup copies 316A are stored bymedia agent 244A at a secondary storage device or resource, e.g., 108,that is local to the source site. Backup copies 316A made from primarydata may reside in a non-cloud data center or in another cloud computingenvironment distinct from cloud computing environment 301 that usdesignated to host the failover, e.g., in a different cloud availabilityzone, a different cloud service account, etc.

Auxiliary copies 316D (e.g., 316D-1, 316D-2, 316D-3, etc.) are copies ofbackup copies 316A and are stored in persistent cloud storage 304 atcloud computing environment 301. The copies stored in the cloudcomputing environment are referred to as “auxiliary copies” 316D todistinguish them from backup copies 316A, which are created outsidecloud computing environment 301, though auxiliary copies 316D may beidentical to the backup copies 316A in other ways, e.g., size, format,metadata, content, etc. Thus, an auxiliary copy 316D may be said to be areplica of a backup copy 316A. In some embodiments, an auxiliary copyjob copies one or more backup copies 316A to corresponding auxiliarycopies 316D. In some embodiments, this operation is referred to as areplication job. In some embodiments, a backup copy 316A is retained atthe source site after being replicated to persistent cloud storage 304,and in other embodiments it is discarded after the correspondingauxiliary copy 316D has been successfully replicated to persistent cloudstorage 304. The purpose of the auxiliary copies is to provide “warm”readily available copies in the cloud computing environment 301 thatwill host the failover when needed.

Storage manager 340 is analogous to storage manager 140 and additionallycomprises new features for operating within system 300, such as featuresdescribed in FIGS. 5-7 , for example. For example, data storagemanagement system 300 makes provision for storage manager 340 to gatherand maintain (e.g., in a management database 146 associated with andaccessible to storage manager 340) administrative information thatfacilitates the on-demand provisioning and activation of cloud-basedfailover resources when a failover orchestration job runs. Examplesinclude gathering compute-related attributes of the machine thatgenerates the primary data (a/k/a the computerized data source, such asclient computing device 102, etc.); using these attributes as a templatefor configuring a failover VM in the cloud, e.g., 402; associating theprimary data and/or data source, e.g., 112A, with backup copies 316A andauxiliary copies 316D; indexing the auxiliary copies 316D aspoint-in-time copies of the primary data to facilitate how a user mayselect a particular auxiliary copy 316D to recover in the cloudcomputing environment 301; etc. For example, for disaster recovery, itis desirable to recover the most recent copy in the cloud computingenvironment (see, e.g., auxiliary copy 316D-3 in FIG. 4A). However, in atest/validation exercise another copy that is not the latest may beneeded (see, e.g., auxiliary copy 316D-2 in FIG. 4B). Once the failoverorchestration job has been initiated, storage manager 340 causes acomputing resource (e.g., VM 443) to be activated in cloud computingenvironment 301, and populates it with system components that willrestore the auxiliary copy in the cloud. Storage manager 340 causes theon-demand cloud-based failover resources to be deactivated or taken downonce the failover event ends. The auxiliary copies 316D remain readilyavailable in “warm standby” within cloud computing environment 301.Storage manager 340 may execute within or outside the failover cloudcomputing environment 301, whether in a cloud or non-cloud computingenvironment. Storage manager 340 communicates with data agent 242A,media agent 244A, as well as with data access node 443 (when it isoperational) and/or data agent 242D and media agent 244D therein.

The solid-line arrows in the present figure as well as in FIGS. 4A and4B depict logical data pathways. For example, media agent 244A isresponsible for replicating backup copies 316A or making auxiliarycopies 316D, which it stores to persistent cloud storage 304. Thedotted-line arrows in the present figure as well as in FIGS. 4A and 4Bdepict logical communication pathways among the depicted components. Forexample, storage manager 340 communicates with data agent 242A and mediaagent 244A, as well as with data access node 443 (when it is operationalduring a failover orchestration job).

FIG. 4A is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of datastorage management system 300 during a failover orchestration job,according to an illustrative embodiment. The present figure depicts:cloud computing environment 301 comprising auxiliary copies 316D,failover VM 402, restored data 412 in data storage resource 410, dataaccess node (proxy VM) 443, which comprises data agent 242D and mediaagent 244D; storage manager 340 comprising management database 146 andfailover orchestration logic 440; command center 450; and endpoint 451.The solid-line arrows depict logical data pathways. The dotted-linearrows depict logical communication pathways among the depictedcomponents. FIG. 4A generally depicts how, during a failoverorchestration job, on-demand resources are provisioned and powered upand an auxiliary copy is restored to an on-demand failover VM at thecloud-based failover site.

Failover VM 402 is a virtual machine instantiated in cloud computingenvironment 301 to act as a client computing device 102 for accessingrestored data 412. Failover VM 402 is instantiated by the failoverorchestration job and deactivated after the failover event ends.Failover VM 402 preferably has attributes (e.g., compute, memory) thatare similar to the data source, e.g., client computing device 102, VM202, etc., to provide a best match for the failover event. Failover VM402 is an on-demand resource instantiated for the failover event. Insome embodiments, such as a database failover, a database-as-a-serviceinstance (not shown here) is configured and activated as a failovertarget in cloud computing environment 301, acting as failover VM 402.The database-as-a-service uses restored data 412 as its datastore.

Data storage resource 410 is a cloud-based data storage platform (e.g.,one or more data storage volumes) instantiated in cloud computingenvironment 301 to act as a repository for restored data 412. Datastorage resource 410 is instantiated by the failover orchestration joband deactivated after the failover event ends. Data storage resource 410preferably has attributes similar to the data storage device 104 hostingprimary data 112A (e.g., storage capacity, logical name, etc.) toprovide a best match for the failover event. Data storage resource 410is instantiated on demand for the failover event.

Restored data 412 is restored by data access node 443 from an auxiliarycopy 316D. Restored data 412 is in a primary data format that isnatively accessible to the failover VM 402 and/or to a file systemexecuting thereon and/or to an application executing in the failover VMand/or to a database-as-a-service. Restored data 412 may be accessed,used, changed, deleted, and otherwise manipulated in cloud computingenvironment 301. In a disaster recovery, this restored data becomes the“live” production data until such time as a failback can be executedback to the original (or replacement/repaired) data source. In atest/validation scenario, the restored data is typically abandoned afterthe exercise is over.

Failover orchestration logic 440 is a functional component of storagemanager 340, and is largely responsible for many of the tasks performedby storage manager 340 in conducting a failover orchestration job. Forexample, failover orchestration logic 440 maintains communications withmedia agent 244D and data agent 242D that operate within data accessnode 443. For example, failover orchestration logic 440 collectsinformation from data sources, e.g., 102, and populates data sourceattributes into management database 146, information that it laterretrieves during a failover orchestration job. More details are given inother figures. Failover orchestration logic 440 is shown here as adistinct component of storage manager 340 to help the reader appreciateits distinctive functionality, but embodiments are not limited to aseparate logic component. The features of failover orchestration logic440 are part and parcel of and are performed by storage manager 340.

Data access node 443 is a computing resource activated by storagemanager 340 in cloud computing environment 301 when a failoverorchestration job is activated. Typically, data access node 443 isembodied as a VM and may be referred to as “proxy VM” 443, though theinvention is not limited to VM embodiments. Data access node 443 ispopulated with data management functionality, such as data agent 242Dand media agent 244D, which together will restore an auxiliary copy 316Dto data storage resource 410. While hosting data agent 242D and mediaagent 244D, data access node 443 acts as a component of data storagemanagement system 300. Data agent 242D and media agent 244D are depictedhere as distinct components of data access node 443 to ease the reader’sunderstanding of the present disclosure, but the functionality of thesecomponents may be delivered in an integrated “package” of featuresconfigured into data access node 443, which are not necessarily separateor distinct. The data access node configures failover VM 402 and datastorage resource 410 in cloud computing environment 301. The data accessnode restores the auxiliary copy 316D selected for the failover into thedata storage resource 410, which will act as a failover data repository.The data access node attaches data storage resource 410 to the activatedfailover VM 402 as the VM’s datastore.

Command center 450 is a web-based user interface for system 300, usefulfor administration tasks, and for obtaining certain reports anddashboards from and about system 300. Command center 450 may execute onweb server computing or on another compute platform. Command center 450includes certain feature enhancements for system 300, including enablinga user to set up a failover destination at cloud computing environment301, enabling a failover to be invoked on demand based on a choice ofavailable auxiliary copies 316D to use in the failover event, invoking afailover, invoking a failback or end of failover, etc., withoutlimitation. Endpoint 451, which is well known in the art, is a computingdevice for gaining access to command center 450.

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating some salient portions of datastorage management system 300 during a failover orchestration job thatuses a point-in-time auxiliary copy other than the latest auxiliarycopy, according to an illustrative embodiment. The present figuredepicts the same components as FIG. 4A, but is distinguishable in that adifferent auxiliary copy (e.g., 316D-2 instead of 316D-3) is used as thesource of data for the failover event. The solid-line arrows depictlogical data pathways. The dotted-line arrows depict logicalcommunication pathways among the depicted components. FIG. 4B generallydepicts using a point-in-time auxiliary copy that is not the latest ormost recent copy in a failover orchestration job.

Thus, assuming that auxiliary copy 316D-3 is the most recent auxiliarycopy available in cloud computing environment 301, it would beconsidered to be the most suitable source of data for a disasterrecovery scenario as depicted in FIG. 4A. In contrast, the presentfigure depicts the use of another auxiliary copy, e.g., 316D-2 as thesource of data, which is not the latest auxiliary copy. This might beuseful for a disaster recovery scenario where the latest auxiliary copy316D is known to be corrupted or is otherwise undesirable; or for atest/validation exercise, where an older copy of data needs to bebrowsed or checked for integrity. Thus, system 300 enables a user tochoose a particular auxiliary copy 316D (or a corresponding timeframe ofa backup) as the source of data for a failover. The choices aretypically provided by command center 450, based on information indexedat management database 146 and/or media agent(s) 244A. When the userchooses a timeframe rather than a specific auxiliary copy 316D, system300 identifies a best match auxiliary copy 316D that satisfies theuser’s timeframe. Based on this choice, system 300 orchestrates afailover orchestration job that restores the selected auxiliary copy316D to the cloud-based data store for use by the failover VM. There isno limit on how many auxiliary copies 316D are stored in cloud computingenvironment 301. Moreover, there is no limit on how many concurrent orsequential failover orchestration jobs system 300 supports. Accordingly,multiple users may concurrently invoke a respective failover based on acertain same auxiliary copy 316D, e.g., 316D-1. Also, multiple users mayconcurrently invoke a respective failover based on different auxiliarycopies 316D.

FIG. 5 depicts some salient operations of a method 500 for performingpre-failover operations according to an illustrative embodiment. Method500 is performed by one or more components of system 300, unlessotherwise noted.

At block 502, storage manager 340 (e.g., via information received at theuser interface of command center 450) configures a data protection planfor primary data 112A generated by a data source (e.g., by a VM,database management system (DBMS), file system, etc.). The dataprotection plan may comprise information management policies such as astorage policy and a schedule policy that governs backup operations toprotect primary data 112A. Data protection plans and/or policies maydiffer from data source to data source and may differ in granularity,e.g., frequent backups of a DBMS and less frequent backups of anordinary file system, etc., without limitation.

At block 504, data agent 242A obtains compute attributes (e.g.,processing power (CPU), memory (RAM), etc.) of the computerized datasource, e.g., client computing device 102, VM 202, etc. Data agent 242Atransmits the collected compute attributes to storage manager 340.Storage manager 340 associates these compute attributes with the datasource and saves them in management database 146 for later use whencreating failover VM 402.

At block 506, storage manager 340 configures failover parameters for aparticular data source, e.g., destination cloud computing service andavailability zone, i.e., cloud computing environment 301; cloud storagefor copies, i.e., persistent cloud storage 304; VM parameters for dataaccess node 443; VM parameters for failover VM 402; data storageresource 410 for restored data 412; etc. Some of the information used inthis operation is received at the user interface of command center 450,e.g., choice of destination site. Some of the information is obtainedfrom management database 146, e.g., compute attributes collected atblock 504.

At block 508, storage manager 340 (e.g., via information received at theuser interface of command center 450) configures RPO timing and/orbackup frequency. These timing parameters will govern how often backupcopies 316A are generated by system 300 and how often they are copied tocloud computing environment 301. Different data sources may havedifferent timing parameters, depending on customer needs. Some of thesetiming parameters may be contractually agreed (e.g., SLA) betweencustomer/tenant and system operator/managed service provider. Storagemanager 340 stores these timing parameters, in association with therespective data sources, in management database 146. Storage manager 340also tracks performance metrics against these timing parameters todetermine whether the RPO is being met.

At block 510, system 300 performs data protection jobs or storageoperations to generate backup copies 316A of primary data 112A.Preferably, backup copies 316A are stored “locally,” outside of cloudcomputing environment 301, typically in a data center outside of cloudcomputing environment 301. The data center may be a traditionalnon-cloud data center or another cloud computing environment, distinctfrom cloud computing environment 301, without limitation. The terms“data protection job” and “secondary storage operation” may be usedinterchangeably hereinafter for convenience and to ease the reader’sunderstanding of the present disclosure, even though a data protectionjob may comprise any number of secondary storage operations. Typically,a secondary storage operation that results in a backup copy 316A isinitiated by storage manager 340, which instructs data agent 242A andmedia agent 244A to collaborate in obtaining primary data 112A,processing the data, generating backup copy 316A, and storing backupcopy 316A into secondary storage 108. Typically, data agent 242Aobtains, scans, and pre-processes source data 112, and transmits theresulting data stream(s) to media agent 244A. Media agent 244A furtherprocesses the received data stream, packages it according to proprietaryalgorithms of system 300, and places the resulting backup copy 316A ontosecondary storage media, e.g., 108. Media agent 244A also indexes keymetadata of backup copy 316A. Preferably, the first backup copy 316A isa full backup of primary data 112A. Subsequent backups are incrementalbackups of primary data 112A, each one being incremental relative to itspredecessor backup copy 316A.

At block 512, system 300 performs auxiliary copy jobs or auxiliary copystorage operations that replicate backup copies 316A into auxiliary(secondary) copies 316D at persistent cloud storage 304 at the failoverdestination, e.g., cloud computing environment 301. In some embodiments,an auxiliary copy storage operation is initiated (e.g., by storagemanager 340) immediately upon completion of the corresponding backupcopy operation, in order to minimize the delay between backing upprimary data 112A and storing a copy thereof at the failoverdestination. In some embodiments, certain delays apply after backup copy316A is created and before the auxiliary copy storage operation isinitiated. These aspects of when to start the auxiliary copy storageoperation are configurable, and typically stored at management database146. Typically, storage manager 340 instructs media agent 244A to copyor replicate a backup copy 316A to persistent cloud storage 304, andmedia agent 244A does so. Media agent 244A may use an applicationprogramming interface (API) to communicate with cloud computingenvironment 301, e.g., to address persistent cloud storage 304, torequest additional storage capacity there, etc. The API may be providedby the cloud service provider and/or may have some proprietary features.

At block 514, on storing auxiliary copy 316D at persistent cloud storage304, media agent 244D reports the storage operation as a success tostorage manager 340. Storage manager 340 considers the operation for RPOperformance metrics. Storage manager 340 counts the operation a successfor RPO performance metrics if auxiliary copy 316D is timely stored atthe failover destination as described in more detail in FIG. 7 . If theauxiliary copy 316D is stored later than the RPO timeframe, even ifstored successfully at the failover destination, the RPO performancemetric will not be met. Preferably, storage manager 340 tracks andmeasures RPO performance, but in alternative embodiments othercomponents of system 300 do so, e.g., media agent 244A, an index server(not shown here), a report server (not shown here), etc., withoutlimitation.

At block 516, system 300 repeats blocks 510-514 according to an RPOcadence, e.g., every 4 hours. Auxiliary copies 316D are indexed (e.g.,at media agent 244A, at management database 146, at an index server (notshown), etc.) as point-in-time auxiliary copies that are available inpersistent cloud storage 304. Accordingly, they provide-point-in-timegranularity to the restore operations at the failover destination.Method 500 ends here.

FIG. 6 depicts some salient operations of a method 600 for performing afailover orchestration job according to an illustrative embodiment.Method 600 is performed by one or more components of system 300, unlessotherwise noted. Storage manager 340 may use failover orchestrationlogic 440 and/or other features, without limitation, to perform theoperations of method 600. Storage manager 340 may use an API tocommunicate with cloud computing environment 301, e.g., to request a VMfor data access node 443, to power down said VM, etc. The API may beprovided by the cloud service provider and/or may have some proprietaryfeatures.

At block 602, storage manager 340 (e.g., via information received at theuser interface of command center 450) identifies and chooses apoint-in-time auxiliary copy 316D (e.g., 316D-2) to use at the failoverdestination. The storage manager 340 further receives an indication(e.g., via information received at the user interface of command center450) that a failover should be invoked based on the selected auxiliarycopy, e.g., 316D-2. In some embodiments, a failure at the data sourcetriggers a failover orchestration job. In other embodiments, thetriggering is initiated via the user interface at command center 450.Accordingly, storage manager 340 initiates a failover orchestration jobbased on the selected auxiliary copy 316D.

At block 604, storage manager 340 (e.g., using failover orchestrationlogic 440) causes a VM to be instantiated at the failover destination(e.g., using an API to cloud computing environment 301). A template forVM attributes may be available from management database 146. The VM,after being populated with proper components (block 606) becomes dataaccess node 443.

At block 606, storage manager 340 pushes data agent 242D (e.g., avirtual server data agent or virtual server agent (VSA)) and media agent244D to the instantiated VM and causes data agent 242D and media agent244D to execute thereon. At this point, data access node 443 is fullyequipped to operate as a component of system 300, and is communicativelycoupled with storage manager 340. In some embodiments, data agent 242Dand media agent 244D both are in communication with storage manager 340as well as with each other.

At block 608, storage manager 340 causes or instructs data agent 242D atdata access node 443 to create a failover VM 402 in cloud computingenvironment 301. The failover VM 402 is based on the compute attributesof the computerized data source (e.g., 102) associated with the selectedpoint-in-time auxiliary copy, e.g., 316D-2. Thus, failover VM 402 isconfigured to be similar to the data source on which the auxiliary copyis based, which will facilitate how failover VM 402 can access the datarestored from auxiliary copy 316D-2.

At block 610, storage manager 340 causes or instructs data agent 242Dand/or media agent 244D at data access node 443 to create data storageresource 410 in cloud computing environment 301. This data storageresource will host restored data 412 and act as a datastore for failoverVM 402. Thus, data access node 443 is said to create data storageresource 410.

At block 612, system 300 restores selected auxiliary copy 316D-2 intorestored data 412, which is stored at data storage resource 410. Therestore operation is managed by storage manager 340, which directs mediaagent 244D and data agent 242D to obtain the auxiliary copy 316D-2 frompersistent cloud storage 304, process it, convert it from a backupformat to a primary data format, and store it as restored data 412 intodata storage resource 410. At this point, the cloud-based failoverresources have been established and remain to be fully activated tocomplete the failover.

At block 614, storage manager 340 instructs data agent 242D to causefailover VM 420 to be activated (powered on) and to attach data storageresource 410 as the of failover VM 420. Thanks to data agent 242D,failover VM 402 (and applications executing thereon) gain native accessto point-in-time restored data 412 in data storage resource 410. At thispoint, the failover is actively operating at cloud computing environment301, because the restore data is natively accessible from failover VM402. Users with access to failover VM 402 may view, add, change, anddelete restored data 412. In some embodiments, system 300 will back uprestored data 412 in order to protect it from loss.

At block 616, on receiving notice that the failover event is over,storage manager 340 causes the cloud-based failover resources, i.e.,data storage resource 410, failover VM 402, and data access node 443, tobe deactivated and/or destroyed in cloud computing environment 301. Thenotice of failback or end of failover event may be received via the userinterface at command center 450. By deactivating or destroying thecloud-based failover resources when no longer needed, system 300 savesthe customer substantial costs, as these kinds of resources as well asdata ingress thereto and data egress therefrom are services that thecloud service provider typically charges for. Thus, system 300 providesa robust failover environment in a cloud computing environment, andfurther provides it in a way that is comparatively economical. While theauxiliary copies 316D are maintained and paid for in the cloud computingenvironment, the other cloud-based resources needed for running thefailover are only brought up on demand, for substantially less cost thankeeping them active all the time. For some customers, any delay incurredin on-demand provisioning and activation of the cloud-based failoverresources as disclosed herein is worth the cost savings over “always-on”solutions.

FIG. 7 depicts some salient operations of a method 700 for performing anRPO analysis based on storing auxiliary copies according to anillustrative embodiment. Method 700 is performed by storage manager 340unless otherwise noted. In some embodiments, method 700 is performed atleast in part by another computing component, such as a metrics serveror performance tracker (not shown) that collects information from othercomponents and tracks performance metrics for the RPO.

At block 702, storage manager 340 starts tracking RPO performance. Thisis the same as block 508 in method 500.

At block 704, storage manager 340 receives notice that an auxiliary copy316D has been successfully stored at persistent cloud storage 304 at acertain time. Illustratively, media agent 244A is responsible forstoring auxiliary copy 316D at persistent cloud storage 304, andtherefore media agent 244A reports the success/failure of the storageevent to storage manager 340. A storage event that fails is handled atblock 710.

At block 706, which is a decision point, storage manager 340 determineswhether auxiliary copy 316D was timely stored at persistent cloudstorage 304 within the configured RPO time window. For example, wasauxiliary copy 316D stored at persistent cloud storage 304 within theRPO time window as measured from making an earlier backup copy 316A thatprecedes backup copy 316A, e.g., within 4 hours of taking a precedingbackup of primary data 112A. In other words, is a new auxiliary copyavailable in the cloud within the RPO time window from a precedingbackup operation? An alternative consideration is whether auxiliary copy316D is successfully stored at persistent cloud storage 304 within theRPO time window of the immediately preceding auxiliary copy, i.e.,measuring RPO between successive auxiliary copies 316D. Yet anotheralternative consideration is whether auxiliary copy 316D is successfullystored at persistent cloud storage 304 within the RPO time window ofwhen corresponding backup copy 316A was taken, i.e., measuring RPObetween backup operation and cloud availability of the auxiliary copy.All these approaches consider whether the present auxiliary copy 316D isavailable timely at cloud computing environment 301. System 300 mayimplement one or more of these performance metrics in any givenembodiment. If RPO is not met, control passes to block 710. If RPO ismet, control passes to block 708. We describe these performance metricshere in reference to RPO as a convenient shorthand, but this terminologyis not required in any one embodiment. Other terms may apply, such asservice level agreement (SLA), etc., without limitation.

At block 708, storage manager 340 counts the storage operation asmeeting the RPO and control passes to block 712. Notably, this aspect isa departure from prior-art RPO analysis, because it does not measurewhether the failover is successfully executed. Because the cloud-basedfailover resources are activated on demand only as needed, the RPOmetric of system 300 does not track the success of the failoveractivation, though system 300 measures that performance as well (e.g.,how much time elapses from failover activation (e.g., block 602) untilrestored data 412 is available at failover VM 402 (block 614). Thus,problems or delays in activating the failover event will be tracked andidentified by system 300 as well, but separately from measuring timelyavailability of auxiliary copies in the cloud. Thus, for purposes ofongoing day-to-day operations, apart from activating failovers, system300 measures RPO success based on the timely availability of auxiliarycopies 316D at the cloud computing environment 301.

At block 710, the auxiliary copy storage operation has been successfulbut outside the RPO window; or it has failed altogether and auxiliarycopy 316D never made to the cloud. Accordingly, storage manager 340counts the storage operation as failing the RPO and control passes toblock 712.

At block 712, storage manager 340 maintains the RPO performance metricand updates it based on the success or failure determination made atblocks 708/710. Storage manager 340 maintains the RPO performance metricor metrics in their different forms on an ongoing basis, e.g., withinmanagement database 146.

At block 714, storage manager 340 reports the RPO metric, whether ondemand in response to queries or by raising alarms when the RPO isunmet. Storage manager 340 also may report the RPO performance metric(s)to command center 450 to be displayed in the user interface, e.g., in adashboard report. Storage manager 340 may also report the RPOperformance metric(s) to a metrics server that collects performance dataon other aspects of system 300.

In regard to the figures described herein, other embodiments arepossible within the scope of the present invention, such that theabove-recited components, steps, blocks, operations, messages, requests,queries, and/or instructions are differently arranged, sequenced,sub-divided, organized, and/or combined. In some embodiments, adifferent component may initiate or execute a given operation. Forexample, in some embodiments, components other than storage manager 340track some of the performance metrics, such as whether the RPO is met.

EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Some example enumerated embodiments of the present invention are recitedin this section in the form of methods, systems, and non-transitorycomputer-readable media, without limitation.

According to an example embodiment, a data storage management system fororchestrating failover to a cloud computing environment comprises: afirst computing device comprising one or more hardware processors andcomputer memory, wherein the first computing device is programmed to:cause a first data agent, which is associated with a computerized datasource that generated first primary data, to obtain one or more computeattributes of the computerized data source, wherein the computerizeddata source comprises one or more hardware processors and computermemory, and wherein the first data agent executes on one of: thecomputerized data source and an other computing device that isassociated with the computerized data source; configure one or morefailover parameters associated with the computerized data source,including a cloud computing environment and persistent data storagetherein, and further including parameters for a failover virtual machineat the cloud computing environment, wherein the parameters for thefailover virtual machine are based on the one or more compute attributesof the computerized data source, and wherein the computerized datasource operates outside the cloud computing environment; configure arecovery point objective associated with the first primary data, whereinthe recovery point objective comprises a backup frequency having a timeperiod; initiate a first backup job that generates a first backup copyof the first primary data; initiate an auxiliary copy job that causesthe first backup copy to be stored as a first auxiliary copy at thepersistent data storage in the cloud computing environment; cause afirst virtual machine, distinct from the failover virtual machine, to beactivated at the cloud computing environment; cause a second data agentand a second media agent to execute on the first virtual machine; causethe second data agent to configure the failover virtual machine in thecloud computing environment, based on the parameters for the failovervirtual machine that are based on the one or more compute attributes ofthe computerized data source; cause one of the second data agent and thesecond media agent to configure a data storage resource, distinct fromthe persistent data storage, in the cloud computing environment.

The above-recited embodiment, wherein the first computing device isfurther configured to: cause the second data agent and the second mediaagent to restore the first auxiliary copy into restored data, which isin a primary data format and stored at the data storage resource. Theabove-recited embodiment, wherein the first computing device is furtherconfigured to: cause the failover virtual machine to be activated in thecloud computing environment; and cause the data storage resource to beattached to the failover virtual machine as a datastore for the failovervirtual machine, wherein the restored data in the primary data format inthe datastore is natively accessible to one or more of: the failovervirtual machine, a file system comprising the restored data, and anapplication executing on the failover virtual machine.

The above-recited embodiment, wherein the first computing device isfurther programmed to: compute a measure of performance for the recoverypoint objective, wherein storing the first auxiliary copy at thepersistent data storage in the cloud computing environment, within thetime period, after a backup copy corresponding to a preceding auxiliarycopy was taken counts as meeting the recovery point objective,regardless of whether the first auxiliary copy is restored to thefailover virtual machine. The above-recited embodiment, wherein thefirst computing device is further programmed to track whether therecovery point objective is met based on whether the first auxiliarycopy is stored at the persistent data storage in the cloud computingenvironment, within the time period, after a preceding auxiliary copywas stored thereto, regardless of whether the first auxiliary copy isrestored to the failover virtual machine. The above-recited embodiment,wherein the first computing device is further programmed to consider therecovery point objective to be met on receiving an indication that thefirst auxiliary copy has been stored at the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment, within the time period, after apreceding auxiliary copy was stored thereto, regardless of whether thefirst auxiliary copy has been restored to the failover virtual machine.The above-recited embodiment, wherein the first computing device isprogrammed to execute a storage manager, which is configured to manage,in a data storage management system, storage operations including thefirst backup job, the auxiliary copy job, and a failover orchestrationjob that activates the failover virtual machine and restores the firstauxiliary copy in the cloud computing environment. The above-recitedembodiment, wherein the first computing device is configured to operatewithin the cloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment,wherein the first computing device is configured to operate outside thecloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment, wherein oneor more of: a virtual machine, a file system, an electronic mail system,and a database management system, which executes at the computerizeddata source, generates the first primary data. The above-recitedembodiment, wherein a first media agent stores the first backup copy toa data storage device that operates outside the cloud computingenvironment. The above-recited embodiment, wherein the first computingdevice is further programmed to: receive an indication that the firstauxiliary copy has been selected for failover at the failover virtualmachine from among a plurality of auxiliary copies, and wherein thefirst auxiliary copy is one of the plurality of auxiliary copies,wherein each auxiliary copy in the plurality of auxiliary copiescorresponds to a backup copy generated by a backup job initiated by thefirst computing device and is stored in the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment, whereinthe first computing device is further programmed to, based on receivingan indication of a failover request in reference to the first auxiliarycopy, initiate a failover orchestration job to the cloud computingenvironment, wherein the failover orchestration job includes: activationof the first virtual machine, execution of the second data agent and thesecond media agent on the first virtual machine, configuration of thefailover virtual machine in the cloud computing environment,configuration of the data storage resource in the cloud computingenvironment, restoration of the first auxiliary copy to the data storageresource, activation of the failover virtual machine, and attachment ofthe data storage resource to the failover virtual machine as thedatastore therefor. The above-recited embodiment, wherein the firstcomputing device is further programmed to, based on an indication to endthe failover request, cause the data storage resource, the failovervirtual machine, and the first virtual machine to be deactivated in thecloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment, wherein thefirst computing device is further programmed to: initiate the firstbackup job and subsequent backup jobs of the first primary data, basedon the first time period. The above-recited embodiment, wherein thefirst computing device is further programmed to: initiate the auxiliarycopy job and subsequent backup jobs of other backup copies of the firstprimary data, based on the first time period. The above-recitedembodiment, wherein the first computing device is further programmed to:based on receiving an indication of a failover request in reference tothe first auxiliary copy, cause the data storage resource, the failovervirtual machine, and the first virtual machine to be activated on-demandin the cloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment,wherein the first backup copy is generated by the first data agent inconjunction with a first media agent; and wherein the first media agentstores the first backup copy as the first auxiliary copy at thepersistent data storage in the cloud computing environment.

According to another example embodiment, a computer-implemented methodfor a data storage management system comprises: by a first computingdevice comprising one or more hardware processors and computer memory:causing a first data agent, which is associated with a computerized datasource that generated first primary data, to obtain one or more computeattributes of the computerized data source, wherein the computerizeddata source comprises one or more hardware processors and computermemory, and wherein the first data agent executes on one of: thecomputerized data source and an other computing device that isassociated with the computerized data source; configuring one or morefailover parameters associated with the computerized data source,including a cloud computing environment and persistent data storagetherein, and further including parameters for a failover virtual machineat the cloud computing environment, wherein the parameters for thefailover virtual machine are based on the one or more compute attributesof the computerized data source, and wherein the computerized datasource operates outside the cloud computing environment; initiating afirst backup job that generates a first backup copy of the first primarydata; initiating an auxiliary copy job that causes the first backup copyto be stored as a first auxiliary copy at the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment; causing a first virtual machine,distinct from the failover virtual machine, to be activated at the cloudcomputing environment; causing a second data agent and a second mediaagent to execute on the first virtual machine.

The above-recited embodiment, further comprising: causing the seconddata agent to configure the failover virtual machine in the cloudcomputing environment, based on the parameters for the failover virtualmachine that are based on the one or more compute attributes of thecomputerized data source. The above-recited embodiment, furthercomprising: causing one of the second data agent and the second mediaagent to configure a data storage resource, distinct from the persistentdata storage, in the cloud computing environment. The above-recitedembodiment, further comprising: causing the second data agent and thesecond media agent to restore the first auxiliary copy into restoreddata, which is in a primary data format and stored at the data storageresource. The above-recited embodiment, further comprising: causing thefailover virtual machine to be activated in the cloud computingenvironment. The above-recited embodiment, further comprising: causingthe data storage resource to be attached to the failover virtual machineas a datastore for the failover virtual machine, wherein the restoreddata in the primary data format in the datastore is natively accessibleto one or more of: the failover virtual machine, a file systemcomprising the restored data, and an application executing on thefailover virtual machine.

The above-recited embodiment further comprising: by the first computingdevice, configuring a recovery point objective associated with the firstprimary data, wherein the recovery point objective comprises a backupfrequency having a time period; by the first computing device,determining that the recovery point objective has been met on receivingan indication that the first auxiliary copy has been stored at thepersistent data storage in the cloud computing environment within thetime period after the first backup copy was created, regardless ofwhether the first auxiliary copy has been restored to the failovervirtual machine. The above-recited embodiment, further comprising: bythe first computing device, configuring a recovery point objectiveassociated with the first primary data, wherein the recovery pointobjective comprises a backup frequency having a time period; by thefirst computing device, tracking the recovery point objective as havingbeen met on receiving an indication that, within the time period, thefirst auxiliary copy has been stored at the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment after a preceding auxiliary copy wasstored thereto, regardless of whether the first auxiliary copy has beenrestored to the failover virtual machine. The above-recited embodiment,further comprising: by the first computing device, initiating the firstbackup job and subsequent backup jobs of the first primary data, basedon the first time period. The above-recited embodiment, furthercomprising: by the first computing device, initiating the auxiliary copyjob and subsequent backup jobs of other backup copies of the firstprimary data, based on the first time period. The above-recitedembodiment, further comprising: by the first computing device, based onreceiving an indication of a failover request in reference to the firstauxiliary copy, causing the data storage resource, the failover virtualmachine, and the first virtual machine to be activated on-demand in thecloud computing environment. The above-recited embodiment, wherein thefirst backup copy is generated by the first data agent in conjunctionwith a first media agent; and wherein the first media agent stores thefirst backup copy as the first auxiliary copy at the persistent datastorage in the cloud computing environment.

In other embodiments according to the present invention, a system orsystems operates according to one or more of the methods and/orcomputer-readable media recited in the preceding paragraphs. In yetother embodiments, a method or methods operates according to one or moreof the systems and/or computer-readable media recited in the precedingparagraphs. In yet more embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readablemedium or media causes one or more computing devices having one or moreprocessors and computer-readable memory to operate according to one ormore of the systems and/or methods recited in the preceding paragraphs.

Terminology

Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or“may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understoodwithin the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certainembodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certainfeatures, elements and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is notgenerally intended to imply that features, elements and/or steps are inany way required for one or more embodiments or that one or moreembodiments necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without userinput or prompting, whether these features, elements and/or steps areincluded or are to be performed in any particular embodiment.

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense, i.e., in the sense of “including, but notlimited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or anyvariant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct orindirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connectionbetween the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof.Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similarimport, when used in this application, refer to this application as awhole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where thecontext permits, words using the singular or plural number may alsoinclude the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or” inreference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the followinginterpretations of the word: any one of the items in the list, all ofthe items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.Likewise the term “and/or” in reference to a list of two or more items,covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any one of theitems in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination ofthe items in the list.

In some embodiments, certain operations, acts, events, or functions ofany of the algorithms described herein can be performed in a differentsequence, can be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not allare necessary for the practice of the algorithms). In certainembodiments, operations, acts, functions, or events can be performedconcurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interruptprocessing, or multiple processors or processor cores or on otherparallel architectures, rather than sequentially.

Systems and modules described herein may comprise software, firmware,hardware, or any combination(s) of software, firmware, or hardwaresuitable for the purposes described. Software and other modules mayreside and execute on servers, workstations, personal computers,computerized tablets, PDAs, and other computing devices suitable for thepurposes described herein. Software and other modules may be accessiblevia local computer memory, via a network, via a browser, or via othermeans suitable for the purposes described herein. Data structuresdescribed herein may comprise computer files, variables, programmingarrays, programming structures, or any electronic information storageschemes or methods, or any combinations thereof, suitable for thepurposes described herein. User interface elements described herein maycomprise elements from graphical user interfaces, interactive voiceresponse, command line interfaces, and other suitable interfaces.

Further, processing of the various components of the illustrated systemscan be distributed across multiple machines, networks, and othercomputing resources. Two or more components of a system can be combinedinto fewer components. Various components of the illustrated systems canbe implemented in one or more virtual machines, rather than in dedicatedcomputer hardware systems and/or computing devices. Likewise, the datarepositories shown can represent physical and/or logical data storage,including, e.g., storage area networks or other distributed storagesystems. Moreover, in some embodiments the connections between thecomponents shown represent possible paths of data flow, rather thanactual connections between hardware. While some examples of possibleconnections are shown, any of the subset of the components shown cancommunicate with any other subset of components in variousimplementations.

Embodiments are also described above with reference to flow chartillustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) andcomputer program products. Each block of the flow chart illustrationsand/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flow chartillustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computerprogram instructions. Such instructions may be provided to a processorof a general purpose computer, special purpose computer,specially-equipped computer (e.g., comprising a high-performancedatabase server, a graphics subsystem, etc.) or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions,which execute via the processor(s) of the computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus, create means for implementing the actsspecified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks. Thesecomputer program instructions may also be stored in a non-transitorycomputer-readable memory that can direct a computer or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to operate in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including instruction meanswhich implement the acts specified in the flow chart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also beloaded to a computing device or other programmable data processingapparatus to cause operations to be performed on the computing device orother programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented processsuch that the instructions which execute on the computing device orother programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the actsspecified in the flow chart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Any patents and applications and other references noted above, includingany that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporatedherein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, ifnecessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts of the variousreferences described above to provide yet further implementations of theinvention. These and other changes can be made to the invention in lightof the above Detailed Description. While the above description describescertain examples of the invention, and describes the best modecontemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, theinvention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may varyconsiderably in its specific implementation, while still beingencompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above,particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspectsof the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology isbeing redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics,features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology isassociated. In general, the terms used in the following claims shouldnot be construed to limit the invention to the specific examplesdisclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Descriptionsection explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope ofthe invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also allequivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under theclaims.

To reduce the number of claims, certain aspects of the invention arepresented below in certain claim forms, but the applicant contemplatesother aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. Forexample, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as ameans-plus-function claim under 35 U.S.C sec. 112(f) (AIA), otheraspects may likewise be embodied as a means-plus-function claim, or inother forms, such as being embodied in a computer-readable medium. Anyclaims intended to be treated under 35 U.S.C. §112(f) will begin withthe words “means for,” but use of the term “for” in any other context isnot intended to invoke treatment under 35 U.S.C. §112(f). Accordingly,the applicant reserves the right to pursue additional claims afterfiling this application, in either this application or in a continuingapplication.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable media carrying programming instructions; and one ormore computer hardware processors that, by executing the programminginstructions, configure the system to: based on receiving a request fora failover in reference to an auxiliary copy: cause a first virtualmachine to be activated at a cloud computing environment, wherein theauxiliary copy is stored in persistent data storage of the cloudcomputing environment, wherein the auxiliary copy is a copy of a backupcopy of first data, and wherein the first data was generated by acomputerized data source that is distinct from the first virtualmachine; cause the first virtual machine to configure a second virtualmachine in the cloud computing environment, wherein the second virtualmachine is configured according to at least one compute attribute of thecomputerized data source that generated the first data; cause the firstvirtual machine to configure on demand a data storage resource in thecloud computing environment, wherein the data storage resource isdistinct from the persistent data storage; cause the first virtualmachine to restore the auxiliary copy to the data storage resource,wherein data of the auxiliary copy is transformed from a backup formatof the auxiliary copy into restored data in a primary data format, andwherein the restored data is stored in the data storage resource; andafter the auxiliary copy has been restored, cause the second virtualmachine to be activated in the cloud computing environment, wherein therestored data is natively accessible, in the primary data format, to oneor more of: the second virtual machine, a file system comprising therestored data, and an application executing on the second virtualmachine.
 2. The system of claim 1 further configured to: after thefailover ends, cause deactivation, in the cloud computing environment,of one or more of: the data storage resource, the second virtualmachine, and the first virtual machine.
 3. The system of claim 1 furtherconfigured to: cause the auxiliary copy of the first data to begenerated based on the backup copy, and further cause the auxiliary copyto be stored in the persistent data storage in the cloud computingenvironment.
 4. The system of claim 1 further configured to: receive theat least one compute attribute associated with the computerized datasource that generated the first data, wherein the at least one computeattribute comprises one or more of: a measure of processing power, and ameasure of random-access memory.
 5. The system of claim 4 furtherconfigured to: store the at least one compute attribute in a managementdatabase, wherein the management database comprises preferences forgenerating the backup copy of the first data and for generating theauxiliary copy of the first data.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein theauxiliary copy is generated according to a time interval of a RecoveryPoint Objective (RPO), and wherein the system is further configured to:compute a measure of performance for the RPO, based on whether theauxiliary copy was successfully stored at the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment, within the time interval aftergenerating an earlier backup copy that preceded the backup copy, whereinthe measure of performance is based on meeting the time intervalregardless of whether or when the auxiliary copy is restored.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the first virtual machine, the second virtualmachine, and the data storage resource are activated on demand inresponse to the request for the failover.
 8. The system of claim 1further configured to: perform a failover orchestration job in responseto receiving the request for the failover, and wherein the failoverorchestration job comprises causing the first virtual machine, thesecond virtual machine, and the data storage resource to be activated ondemand.
 9. The system of claim 1 further configured to: cause the firstvirtual machine to be configured with one or more of: a data agent, anda media agent, wherein the data agent and the media agent are componentsof a data storage management system.
 10. The system of claim 1 furtherconfigured to: execute a storage manager that manages storage operationsincluding generating the backup copy, generating the auxiliary copy, andresponding to the request for the failover.
 11. A data storagemanagement system comprising: a first computing device that comprisesone or more hardware processors, wherein the first computing device isconfigured to, in response to a request for a failover in reference toan auxiliary copy: cause a first virtual machine to be activated at acloud computing environment, wherein the auxiliary copy is stored inpersistent data storage of the cloud computing environment, wherein theauxiliary copy is a copy of a backup copy of first data, and wherein thefirst data was generated by a computerized data source that is distinctfrom the first virtual machine; cause the first virtual machine toconfigure a second virtual machine in the cloud computing environment,wherein the second virtual machine is configured according to at leastone compute attribute of the computerized data source that generated thefirst data; cause the first virtual machine to configure a data storageresource in the cloud computing environment, wherein the data storageresource is distinct from the persistent data storage; cause the firstvirtual machine to restore the auxiliary copy to the data storageresource, wherein data of the auxiliary copy is transformed from abackup format of the auxiliary copy into restored data in a primary dataformat, and wherein the restored data is stored in the data storageresource; and after the auxiliary copy has been restored, cause thesecond virtual machine to be activated in the cloud computingenvironment, wherein the restored data is natively accessible, in theprimary data format, to one or more of: the second virtual machine, afile system comprising the restored data, and an application executingon the second virtual machine.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein thefirst computing device is further configured to, after the failoverends, cause deactivation, in the cloud computing environment, of one ormore of: the data storage resource, the second virtual machine, and thefirst virtual machine.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the firstcomputing device is further configured to: cause the auxiliary copy ofthe first data to be generated based on the backup copy, and furthercause the auxiliary copy to be stored in the persistent data storage inthe cloud computing environment.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein thefirst computing device is further configured to: receive the at leastone compute attribute associated with the computerized data source thatgenerated the first data, wherein the at least one compute attributecomprises one or more of: a measure of processing power, and a measureof random-access memory.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the firstcomputing device is further configured to: store the at least onecompute attribute in a management database that is associated with thefirst computing device, wherein the management database comprisespreferences for generating the backup copy of the first data and forgenerating the auxiliary copy of the first data.
 16. The system of claim11, wherein the auxiliary copy is generated according to a time intervalof a Recovery Point Objective (RPO), and wherein the first computingdevice is further configured to: compute a measure of performance forthe RPO, based on whether the auxiliary copy was successfully stored atthe persistent data storage in the cloud computing environment, withinthe time interval after generating an earlier backup copy that precededthe backup copy, wherein the measure of performance is based on meetingthe time interval regardless of whether or when the auxiliary copy isrestored.
 17. The system of claim 11, wherein the first virtual machine,the second virtual machine, and the data storage resource are activatedon demand in response to the request for the failover.
 18. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the first computing device is configured to perform afailover orchestration job in response to receiving the request for thefailover, and wherein the failover orchestration job comprises causingthe first virtual machine, the second virtual machine, and the datastorage resource to be activated on demand.
 19. The system of claim 11,wherein the first computing device is configured to operate within thecloud computing environment.
 20. The system of claim 11, wherein thefirst computing device is configured to operate outside the cloudcomputing environment.